PSI - Issue 83

Wong Kam Chee et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 83 (2026) 14–27

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X

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

YZ

Y

G P

H1 H2

XZ

Z

XY

Figure 8. Unit cell homogenization maximum displacement

H2 has a lower displacement of 9.8794mm compared to H1 of 12.4373mm, likely due to the modification of the stress-concentrating sharp points. The stress-concentrating sharp points act as structural weaknesses when subjected to force. It is not able to distribute the stress evenly among the lattice wall, which causes a high displacement in the cantilever beam test. H2 has a smoother lattice wall curvature, which can distribute stress more evenly to the lattice wall and prevent stress concentration. Lightweighting is a trade-off for structural strength, as seen by both Schwarz P and H1 with low relative density of 14.2 and 12.91, which have high displacements of 15.7995mm and 12.4373mm, while gyroid has the highest relative density of 16.1, showing the lowest displacement of 8.28547mm. H2 is an exceptional case of a low displacement of 9.8794mm even though it has low relative density of 13.69. This is because the modification of smooth hybrid transition changes its structural properties and thus makes it stronger. 3.4 Cantilever Beam Test Figure 9 shows the cantilever beam model and the cantilever beam lattice infill cross section and simulation. Cantilever beam test allows an easier understanding of the lattice unit cell properties by visualizing the displacement of the lattice-filled cantilever beam under loading. The 10mm x 10mm x 10mm lattice unit cell is treated as the material for the 50mm x 10mm x 10mm cantilever beam, which looks like a 5 x 1 lattice cell and subjected to a force of 1000N in the negative Y direction. The results of the cantilever beam test are shown in Table 8 . Schwarz P has the largest displacement of 15.7995mm, which is almost two times the displacement of the lattice with the lowest displacement of 8.28547mm, Gyroid. The reason that the displacement of Schwarz P seems to contradict with the homogenization result is because of the low relative density and the high anisotropy characteristics of Schwarz P which tends to perform in a certain direction but is poor in others. As for gyroid, it has a near isotropic behavior which causes it to be able to distribute stress evenly throughout the lattice, thus resulting in low displacement.