PSI - Issue 82

Tsanka Dikova et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 82 (2026) 58–64 Dikova et al. / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2026) 000–000

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4. Conclusion The structure and porosity of polymeric tissue-equivalent bone scaffolds produced by laser SLA were investigated in the present study. It was found that the CBCT can be successfully used to measure the empty spaces in bone tissues with higher porosity (48-64 %), as the difference with SEM measurements is 8-11 %. The porosity of the bone scaffolds (49 %) was higher compared to the bone pores samples (10 %). Enlargement with 20 % led to increase of the porosity up to 60 % in the first group and 15 % in the second. The 40 % magnification caused only slight increase of the porosity with 4 % in Group 1 and 1.5 % in Group 2. The average width of pores in Group 2 varied in a very tight range (293-362 μm), while that of the bone scaffolds was larger - between 527-792 μm. This study represented an initial stage of a project for development of scaffolds for bone regeneration. Acknowledgements The samples were 3D printed with the help of Nikolay Dukov in the MEEITH Department, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Varna. This study is financed by the European Union-NextGenerationEU, through the National Recovery and Resilience Plan of the Republic of Bulgaria, project № BG-RRP-2.004-0009. References Altyar, A. E., El-Sayed, A., Abdeen, A., Piscopo, M., Mousa, S. A., Najda, A., Abdel-Daim, M., 2023. Future regenerative medicine developments and their therapeutic applications. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 158, 114131. Banga, H. K., Kumar, R., Kalra, P., & Belokar, R. M. (Eds.)., 2022. Additive Manufacturing with Medical Applications. CRC Press. Buckley, C., Ibrahim, R., Giordano, F., Xu, N., Sems, B., Wang, H., 2025. Sacrificial strategy towards the formation of vascular - like networks in volumetric tissue constructs. BMEMat 3(2), e12118. Gogoi, D., Kumar, M., Singh, J., 2024. A comprehensive review on hydrogel-based bio-ink development for tissue engineering scaffolds using 3D printing. Annals of 3D Printed Medicine 15, 100159. Hollister, S., 2005. Porous scaffold design for tissue engineering. Nature materials 4(7), 518-524. Kang, Y., Chang, J., 2018. Channels in a porous scaffold: a new player for vascularization. Regenerative Medicine 13(6), 705-715. Khajehmohammadi, M., Azizi Tafti, R., Nikukar, H., 2023. Effect of porosity on mechanical and biological properties of bioprinted scaffolds. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A 111(2), 245-260. Krishani, M., Shin, W. Y., Suhaimi, H., Sambudi, N., 2023. Development of scaffolds from bio-based natural materials for tissue regeneration applications: a review. Gels 9, 100. Lanza, R., Langer, R., Vacanti, J. P., Atala, A. (Eds.)., 2020. Principles of tissue engineering. Academic press. Law, A.C.C., Wang, R., Chung, et al., 2024. Process parameter optimization for reproducible fabrication of layer porosity quality of 3D-printed tissue scaffold. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing 35(4), 1825-1844. Lee, M., Dunn, J., Wu, B., 2005. Scaffold fabrication by indirect three-dimensional printing. Biomaterials 26(20), 4281-4289. Liu, X., Ma, P., 2004. Polymeric scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Annals of biomedical engineering 32(3), 477-486. Luo, C., Wang, C., Wu, X., Xie, X., Wang, C., Zhao, C., et al., 2021. Influence of porous tantalum scaffold pore size on osteogenesis and osteointegration: a comprehensive study based on 3D-printing technology. Materials Science and Engineering: C 129, 112382. Mukasheva, F., Adilova, L., Dyussenbinov, A., Yernaimanova, B., Abilev, M., Akilbekova, D., 2024. Optimizing scaffold pore size for tissue engineering: Insights across various tissue types. Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology 12, 1444986. Vaezi, M., Zhong, G., Kalami, H., & Yang, S., 2018. Extrusion-based 3D printing technologies for 3D scaffold engineering, in “ Functional 3D tissue engineering scaffolds ”. Woodhead Publishing, pp. 235-254. Wang, Y., Zhang, L., Wang, L. Z., et al., 2025. The application of organoids in treatment decision-making for digestive system cancers: progress and challenges. Molecular Cancer 24(1), 222. Will, J., Melcher, R., Treul, C., et al., 2008. Porous ceramic bone scaffolds for vascularized bone tissue regeneration. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 19(8), 2781-2790. Xu, W., Wang, F., Stein, J., Wang, S., et al., 2025. Engineering Topographical Cues to Enhance Neural Regeneration in Spinal Cord Injury: Overcoming Challenges and Advancing Therapies. Advanced Functional Materials, 2508435. Zhang, Y., Sun, N., Zhu, M., Qiu, Q., et al, 2022. The contribution of pore size and porosity of 3D printed porous titanium scaffolds to osteogenesis. Biomaterials Advances 133, 112651. https://3d.nih.gov/entries/3DPX-021147 (Accessed on 12 Nov 2024).