PSI - Issue 82

Addisu Bonger et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 82 (2026) 30–36 Addisu et al. / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2026) 000–000

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6

a

b

Before application of EDIC Wada et al. (2021)

After application of EDIC

ontal concrete

3D view

c

Pressure released through cracks

Pressure concentration

Inflation of gas pressure

at 1 μs

at 13 μs

at 350 μs

d

Section used for rebar deformation measurement.

Deflection 20x

Deflection 20x

at 350 μs

at 350 μs

e

Deflection 20x

Deflection 20x

at 350 μs

at 350 μs

Steel girder with a yield strain of 1,905 μ

Stud dowel with a yield strain of 1,905 μ

Fig. 4. Numerical simulation results in a model based on the specimen B (a) before and after the action of EDICS in the experiment ( Wada et al., 2021) ) ; (b) final crack pattern by analysis; (c) pore pressure inside the specimen in specific time-steps; (d) deformation in stud dowels and in rebars; (e) strain in the stud dowels and in the girder in specific elements. 3.2. Simulation results for specimen B Fig. 4a and Fig. 4b show the final crack patterns following EDIC in both experiment and simulation. Severe concrete crushing occurred beneath the stud dowel heads due to high confinement from the small dowel spacing, which restricted gas expansion and rapidly increased internal pressure. This confinement likely formed a horizontal boundary around the dowel heads (Fig. 4b, pink lines), leading to horizontal fracture plane. Reflected stress waves at