PSI - Issue 81

Ahsan Anugrah Elbar et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 81 (2026) 3–10

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a

Fig. 1. (a) Geometry model of the ramp plate; (b) stress-strain curve of galvanized steel (Wang and Shao, 2023)

Table 1. Mechanical properties of galvanized steel (Kamal et al., 2013).

Density (kg.m -3 )

Young’s Modulus ( MPa)

Yield Strength (MPa)

Poisson’s Ratio

7850

210000

300

0.3

3.2. Boundary conditions The ramp plate was modeled with encastre (fixed) boundary conditions at all four edges, as listed in Table 2 and illustrated in Fig. 2. This constraint type restricts all translational and rotational degrees of freedom, representing a fully clamped support condition to simulate realistic structural restraint during loading.

Table 2. Boundary condition of the ramp plate. No. of Reference Point

Boundary Condition Encastre (Fixed) Encastre (Fixed) Encastre (Fixed) Encastre (Fixed)

RP-1 RP-2 RP-3 RP-4

Fig. 2. Boundary condition of the ramp plate in the numerical analysis.