PSI - Issue 81

Dhanies Wahyu Ardyrizky et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 81 (2026) 458–464

464

5. Conclusions After investigating the thermo-mechanical response of the sandwich panel structure using the Finite Element Method (FEM), several conclusions can be drawn as follows: • Temperature has a significant influence on the structural stiffness, causing nonlinear and irreversible deformation due to material softening and the difference in thermal expansion between layers. • The hysteresis pattern observed in the temperature – displacement and temperature – force relationships confirms the occurrence of viscoplastic deformation and the formation of residual stresses during the thermal cycle. • The mesh convergence analysis indicates that a mesh size of 45 mm is identified as the most optimal configuration for this case study. The difference in maximum axial force is only 1% from the convergence line, while the computation time is seven times faster compared to the smallest mesh size. 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