PSI - Issue 81

Jesús Toribio et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 81 (2026) 558–561

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7. A Tribute to John Ford: Resembling John Ford’s Monument Valley In the matter of constraint effects on notch-induced fracture of cold drawn pearlitic steel, Fig. 6 shows the fracture profile in a sharply notched sample of a moderately cold drawn pearlitic steel (steel A3 that has undergone 3 cold drawing steps, cf. Fig. 1; specimen B with the maximum level of stress triaxiality/constraint, cf. Fig. 2), together with a picture of Monument Valley in the USA. As the picture of the left-hand side resembles that of the right-hand side, such a special fracture path appearing in sharply notched samples of cold drawn pearlitic steel will be noted as Monument Valley Profile .

Fig. 6. Fracture profile in sharply notched sample of a moderately cold drawn pearlitic steel (steel A3 that has undergone 3 cold drawing steps; specimen B with the maximum level of stress triaxiality/constraint) and Monument Valley in the USA (Monument Valley Profile; MVP ) . 8. Conclusions The manufacture process of prestressing steel wires by progressive cold drawing of an initially hot-rolled pearlitic steel produces important microstructural changes in the material at the two microstructural levels of pearlitic colonies and lamellae, resulting in a marked microstructural orientation/anisotropy . From the materials science and engineering viewpoint, there is a clear relationship between the microstructural orientation/anisotropy induced by the progressive cold drawing and the existence of a fracture profile containing crack path deflection and a propagation step . The appearance of notch-induced anisotropic fracture behaviour in heavily cold-drawn pearlitic steel requires, in addition to the inherent microstructural orientation/anisotropy generated by the drawing process itself, a sufficient level of stress triaxiality ( constraint ) in the sample, produced either by cracks or by sharp notches . References Borchers, Ch., Kirchheim, R., 2016. Cold - Drawn Pearlitic Steel Wires. Progress in Materials Science 82, 405 - 444. Gil - Sevillano, J., 1986. Cleavage - Limited Maximum Strength of Work - Hardened B.C.C. Polycrystals. Acta Metallurgical 34, 1473 - 1485. Toribio, J., 2006. Cold Drawn Eutectoid Pearlitic Steel Wires as High Performance Materials in Structural Engineering. Structural Integrity and Health Monitoring 2, 239 - 247. Toribio, J., Ayaso, FJ., 2002a. Micromechanics of Fracture in Notched Samples of Heavily Drawn Steel. International Journal of Fracture 115, L29 - L34. Toribio, J., Ayaso, FJ., 2002b. Fracture Process Zone in Notched Samples of Cold Drawn Pearlitic Steel. ISIJ International 42, 1049 - 1055. Toribio, J., Ayaso, FJ., 2003. Anisotropic Fracture Behavior of Cold Drawn Steel: A Materials Science Approach. Materials Science and Engineering A343, 265 - 272. Toribio, J., Ayaso, FJ., 2004. Optimisation of Round - Notched Specimen for Hydrogen Embrittlement Testing of Materials. Journal of Materials Science Letters 39, 4675 - 4678. Toribio, J., Ayaso, FJ., 2009. Micro - Fracture Maps in Progressively Drawn Pearlitic Steel under Triaxial Stress States. International Journal of Materials Engineering Innovation 1, 61 - 73. Toribio, J., Ovejero, E., 1997. Microstructure Evolution in a Pearlitic Steel Subjected to Progressive Plastic Deformation. Materials Science and Engineering A234 236, 579 - 582. Toribio, J., Ovejero, E., 1998a. Microstructure Orientation in a Pearlitic Steel Subjected to Progressive Plastic Deformation. Journal of Materials Science Letters 17, 1037 - 1040. Toribio, J., Ovejero, E., 1998b. Effect of Cumulative Cold Drawing on the Pearlite Interlamellar Spacing in Eutectoid Steel. Scripta Materialia 39, 323 - 328. Toribio, J., Ovejero, E., 1998c. Effect of Cold Drawing on Microstructure and Corrosion Performance of High - Strength Steel. Mechanics of Time - Dependent Materials 1, 307 - 319. Toribio, J., Toledano, M., 2000. Fatigue and Fracture Performance of Cold Drawn Wires for Prestressed Concrete. Construction and Building Materials 14, 47 - 53. Zhang, X., Godfrey, A., Hansen, N., Huang, X., 2013. Hierarchical Structures in Cold - Drawn Pearlitic Steel Wire. Acta Materialia 61, 4898 - 4909.