PSI - Issue 81

Mykola Pidgurskyi et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 81 (2026) 539–546

546

increases the beam weight by an average of 17.8%, while reducing deflections by 35.2% for horizontal beams, 34.6% for double pitched beams, and 21.5% for arched beams. Among all configurations, the double-pitched beam with haunches exhibited the smallest deflection. 3. The analysis of stresses in the flanges of perforated beams showed that equivalent stresses according to the von Mises criterion are non-uniformly distributed along the beam length. This behavior is attributed to the influence of rigid end restraints, the presence of strengthening elements (haunches), and perforations, which result in a variation of stiffness along the beam. It was established that the maximum stresses in rigidly fixed perforated beams are approximately 1.4 times lower than those in simply supported beams. The inclusion of haunches further reduces the maximum stress level by a factor of 1.43 – 1.67 in in pitched beams. 4. The maximum local stresses around perforation openings occur at the outermost perforations of horizontal beams. In double-pitched and arched beams, these stresses are 28.3% and 64.9% lower, respectively. The installation of haunches significantly reduces equivalent stresses around perforations – by up to 75.5% in horizontal beams, 80.8% in double-pitched beams, and 80.0% in arched beams. 5. The obtained results confirm that the combined use of haunches with double-pitched or arched beam geometries is effective in reducing stresses, increasing stiffness, and ensuring an optimal balance between load-bearing capacity and structural weight. Therefore, haunches in rigid joints of perforated beams act not only as structural detailing elements but also as load-bearing components that enhance the strength and stiffness performance of the beams. 6. The results of this study can be applied in the selection of design solutions for efficient buildings with small roof slopes, employing double-pitched and arched roof girders. References Al-Thabhawee, H., Al-Kannoon, M., 2022. Experimental study of the behaviour and failure modes of tapered castellated steel beams. Open Engineering 12, 245 – 253. https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0028 Bishay-Girges, N.W., 2020. Improved steel beam-column connections in industrial structures. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 10(1), 5126 – 5131. https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3248 Chan S., Huang H., Fang L. (2005). Advanced Analysis of Imperfect Portal Frames with Semirigid Base Connections. Journal of Engineering Mechanics 131, 6. 633 – 640. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9399(2005)131:6(633) DBN V.2.6 – 198:2014, 2014. Steel structures. Design standards. Ministry of Regional Development of Ukraine, Kyiv (in Ukrainian). DSTU B V.1.2-3:2006, 2006. Deflections and displacements. Design requirements. Ministry of Construction of Ukraine, Kyiv (in Ukrainian). Dutt, A., 2015. Effect of mesh size on finite element analysis of beam. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering 2(12), 8 – 10. https://doi.org/10.14445/23488360/IJME-V2I12P102 EN 1993-1-1:2005, 2005. Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures – Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings. European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Brussels. EN 1993-1-5:2006 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures – Part 1-5: Plated structural elements, 2006, 55 p. EN 1993-1-8:2005, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures – Part 1-8: Design of joints. European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Brussels. EN 1993-1-13:2024, 2024. Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures – Part 1-13: Rules for beams with large web openings. European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Brussels. EN 1993-1-14:2025 Eurocode 3. Design of steel structures – Part 1-14: Design assisted by finite element analysis, 2025, 56 p. Fares, S.S., Coulson, J., Dinehart, D.W., 2016. AISC Steel Design Guide 31: Castellated and Cellular Beam Design. American Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago. Liu, T.C.H., Chung, K.F., 2003. Steel beams with large web openings of various shapes and sizes: finite element investigation. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 59(9), 1159 – 1176. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-974X(03)00030-0 Maulana, T., Prayuda, H., Soebandono, B., Dwi Cahyati, M., Zahra, E., 2018. Numerical analysis on stress and displacement of tapered cantilever castellated steel beam with circular openings. MATEC Web of Conferences 195, 02007. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819502007 Nilov, O.O., Permiakov, V.O., et al., 2010. Metal structures: General course. 2nd ed. Edited by O.O. Nilov and O.V. Shymanovskyi. Stal Publishing House, Kyiv, 869 p. (in Ukrainian). Osmani, A., Shamass, R., Tsavdaridis, K.D., Ferreira, F.P.V., Khatir, A., 2025. Deflection predictions of tapered cellular steel beams using analytical models and an artificial neural network. Buildings 15(6), 992. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15060992 Panedpojaman, P., Thepchatri, T., 2013. Finite element investigation on deflection of cellular beams with various configurations. International Journal of Steel Structures 13, 487 – 494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-013-3008-z Pidgurskyi, I., Slobodian, V., Bykiv, D., Pidgurskyi, M., 2021. Investigation of the stress-strain state of beams with different types of web perforation. Scientific Journal of TNTU 103(3), 79 – 87. https://doi.org/10.33108/visnyk_tntu2021.03.079 Pidgurskyi, I.M., Bykiv, D.Z., Topilchuk, A.M., Davidchuk, V.A., 2023. Investigation of the stress-strain state of structural elements of steel frame. In: Book of Abstracts of the XII International Scientific and Practical Conference of Young Researchers and Students “Actual Problems of Modern Technologies”, Ternopil, Ukraine, pp. 81 – 82 (in Ukrainian). Pidgurskyi, M., Pidgurskyi, I., Stashkiv, M., Ihnatieva, V., Danylchynko, S., Bykiv, D., Pidluzhnyi, O., 2023. Peculiarities of studying the stress – strain state of structural steel perforated beams using the finite element method. Scientific Journal of TNTU (Ternopil) 111(3), 126 – 138. https://doi.org/10.33108/visnyk_tntu2023.03.126 Romaniuk, V., Bezniuk, L., Supruniuk, V., Kononchuk, O., Meshcheryakova, O., Sorochak, A., 2024. Experimental studies of a steel rafter arch with a perforated top chord. Procedia Structural Integrity 59, 479 – 486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2024.04.068 Strømmen, E.N., 2020. Structural Mechanics: The Theory of Structural Mechanics for Civil, Structural and Mechanical Engineers. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44318-4 Zaher, O., Yossef, N., El-Boghdadi, M., Dabaon, M., 2018. Structural behaviour of arched steel beams with cellular openings. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 148, 756 – 767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2018.06.029