PSI - Issue 81

Dmytro Voloshyn et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 81 (2026) 228–233

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their production interaction. The reliable operation of the system mostly depends on the human factor. Due to the current trends of the ever-increasing complexity of wagon repair technological processes, individual components, and technological equipment at workshops and rail divisions, the issues of reliable production processes, along with management procedures and organisation, are becoming increasingly important. Thus, D. I. Voloshyn et al. examined the features of improving the reliability of production systems for freight car repair (2015, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2024).

Nomenclature A wf

Workforce availability Workforce efficiency

E wf Е tr R te Е ls

Efficiency of technological resources Reliability of technological equipment Efficiency of the logistics system

Fig. 1. An example of hierarchical production at a wagon repair enterprise.

The reliability of a structurally complex system is its functional capacity over the time required. The primary criterion for repair production is its ability to provide scheduled and unscheduled repairs for given volume and at required quality. The repair failure is the amount of non-fulfilment of this criterion. Moreover, a partial repair failure may occur when all components are operational or when individual components fail. In practice, there are some approaches to improve the reliability of a complex system: to increase the reliability of its individual elements; to develop failure forecast models for individual system elements and forecast models including the interaction of individual elements. The task of improving the reliability of production systems at wagon repair enterprises can be most comprehensively addressed by taking into account the interaction of all system elements. In addition, there is a need to continuously monitor all processes of the production system over time in order to control production losses and improve production elements, which will ensure the necessary development of the enterprise over time. This problem can be solved by using mathematical modelling based on logical and probabilistic methods of assessing the risks of failure. The key element of this control can be a production risk management system at the enterprise. 2. The formation of a risk management system at wagon repair enterprises At present, the control over production systems at wagon repair enterprises, logistics systems for technological processes of the main and secondary production, and support systems for the technological base are being unstable and unpredictable. This condition requires development and implementation of effective mechanisms for production systems in order to reduce unplanned production losses and offset negative production factors. Reliability of wagon repair production systems is crucial for ensuring the safety and efficiency of rail transport. Modern risk oriented methods strengthen maintenance decision-making, including probabilistic risk assessment C. Johnson et al. (2021), standardized FMEA procedures (EC 60812), and their integration with multi-criteria evaluation A. D. Saleh et al. (2021), C. A. Pinto et al. (2012). Recent studies also highlight enterprise-level risk management D. Wu et al., (2015), V. Aulin et al., ( 2019), V. Gorbunov (2021); network-based analysis of interdependencies C. Fang et al. (2017), V. Rykov et al. (2022); and hybrid learning