PSI - Issue 79

Mays H. Udah et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 79 (2026) 53–64

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(a)

(b)

Fig. 9. (a, and b) Loading force at a 45-degree angle.

Table 3. Force and crack extension ( ∆ a)

Initial crack, a i [mm] Load [N]

∆ a [mm] 1.0628 0.51826 0.45686

0.5

615 400 300

The loading increases the crack extension (a i + ∆ a). Consequently, the rate at which the final crack is reached decreases, thereby reducing the material's integrity, as shown in Fig. 10.

Fig. 10. Relationship between crack length and applied load.