PSI - Issue 79

Mays H. Udah et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 79 (2026) 53–64

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Fig. 1. a) 3D model of the tooth created by scanning with HELIOS scanning software; b) Model geometry; c) Meshes distribution

2.2. Boundary conditions and meshes Figure 2 illustrates the geometry, boundary conditions, loading, and mesh design for the 2D analysis. A distributed static load was applied to the top of the tooth, with a maximum chewing force of 453 N used [8, 23]. Crack propagation was automated using the maximum stress criterion, with the crack axis oriented perpendicular to the applied load [24 26]. The crack direction was governed by the maximum tangential stress theory, which directs the crack toward areas of peak stress [8, 27].

Fig. 2. Geometry, boundary conditions, and mesh distribution.