PSI - Issue 79

Jorge Luis González-Velázquez et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 79 (2026) 526–533

533

2. The HIC started as randomly scattered individual cracks, identified as Stage I, with the maximum growth rate of 0.35 cm 2 /h, followed by crack interconnection, identified as Stage II, where the crack growth rate decreased below 0.75 cm 2 /h to finally became near zero. that both in OG and NG steels. 3. The HIC growth rate in Stage I correlates well with H-solubility for each type of steel (OG or NG), and it correlated very well with the density of H-reversible traps for both OG and NG steels. HMT showed that the hydrogen path in OG steels was mainly through pearlite islands, while in NG steel it was through blocky martensite/austenite, but it was more intense around NMI inclusions of cuboidal shapes. 4. EBSD analysis showed that HIC paths for NG steels are preferably along high-angle grain boundaries and through deformed or recovered grains and high-angle grain boundaries facilitated HIC regardless of the microstructure. 5. The results showed that the kinetics of HIC depend on the synergistic effect of microstructural features such as microstructure, grain size, inclusion content and density of random high angle grain boundaries. Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge to the Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN) and Secretaria de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnología e Innovación (SECIHTI) for the financial support necessary to carry out this research. References [1] N. Ishikawa, et al., “Development and production of ultra -high strength linepipes with dual- phase microstructure for high strain application,” (Paper presented in 26th International Conference of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, San Diego, California, 2007) 1 – 7. [2] Das, A. K. "The present and the future of line pipe steels for petroleum industry." Materials and Manufacturing Processes 25, no. 1-3 (2010): 14-19. [3] M. Elboujdaini, M.T. Shehata, V.S. Sastri, R.W. Revie, and R.R. Ramsingh; Hydrogen-induced cracking and effect of non-metallic inclusions in linepipe steels. NACE International Conference, CORROSION/98, paper No.748, San Diego, USA. [4] G.T. Park, S.U. Koh, H.G. Jung, K.Y. Kim, Effect of microstructure on the hydrogen trapping efficiency and hydrogen induced cracking of linepipe steel, Corros. Sci. 50 (2008) 1865 – 1871. [5] T. Ohmisawa, S. Uchiyama, M. Nagumo, Detection of hydrogen trap distribution in steel using a microprint technique, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 356-357 (2003) 290 – 294. [6] M. Masoumi, C.C. Silva, H.F.G. de Abreu, Effect of crystallographic orientations on the hydrogen-induced cracking resistance improvement of API 5L X70 pipeline steel under various thermomechanical processing, Corros. Sci. 111 (2016) 121 – 131. [7] W.C. Luu, J.K. Wu, The influence of microstructure on hydrogen transport in carbon steels, Corrosion Science, 38 (1996) 239 – 245. [8] Rosado DB, De Waele W, Vanderschueren D, Hertelé S. Latest developments in mechanical properties and metallurgical features of high strength line pipe steels. Int J Sustain Mech Eng Des 2013; 4. [9] Mohtadi-Bonab MA, Szpunar JA, Collins L, Stankievech R. Evaluation of hydrogen induced cracking behavior of API X70 pipeline steel at different heat treatments. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2014; 39:6076 – 88. [10] M.F.G. Ramirez, J.W.C. Hernández, D.H. Ladino, M. Masoumi, H. Goldenstein, Effects of different cooling rates on the microstructure, crystallographic features, and hydrogen induced cracking of API X80 pipeline steel, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 14 (2021) 1848 – 1861. [11] Entezari E, González-Velázquez JL, López DR, Zúñiga MAB, Szpunar JA. Review of current developments on high strength pipeline steels for HIC inducing service. Frat Ed Integrità Strutt 2022; 16:20 – 45. [12] R. Pourazizi, R. Khatib Zadeh Davani, M.A. Mohtadi-Bonab, J.A. Szpunar, Evolution of microstructure and texture in pipeline steels at different TMCP procedures with regard to hydrogen induced cracking, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 46 (2021) 38741 – 38754. [13] Dong CF, Liu ZY, Li XG, Cheng YF. Effects of hydrogen-charging on the susceptibility of X100 pipeline steel to hydrogen-induced cracking. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2009; 34:9879 – 84.