PSI - Issue 78

Alessandro Mei et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 78 (2026) 120–127

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Fig. 2. (A) r01. (B) r02. (C) r03, r04. (D) r05. (E) r06.

Fig. 3 - Testing bench

The applied load P and the vertical displacement at the loaded section were directly measured by the load cell and linear variable displacement transducer (LVDT) integrated into the testing machine. Additional LVDTs ( m i, Fig. 4A) and wire-actuated encoders ( s i , f i in Fig. 4A) were also connected to a computer-based data acquisition system, along with the load cell. It is worth noting that LVDTs m 5 and m 6 were employed only for the standard joint, as the use of any type of reinforcement makes it difficult to always position them in the same place.