PSI - Issue 78

Maria Concetta Oddo et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 78 (2026) 2078–2085 Maria Concetta Oddo/ Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2025) 000 – 000

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considered negligible for the purpose of structural analysis. In Fig. 3b, the results in terms of shear load (T_x) are plotted alongside the wave height measurements obtained from Probe_9, which is positioned in front of the model, according to the scheme in Fig. 1. These results highlight that the focused wave, with a measured height of h measured = 0.26 m, is preceded by smaller “precursor” waves that strike the model before the main crest. These precursor waves generate shear load peaks when their heights approach h = 0.10 m (0 -impact). Moreover, the magnitude of these shear load peaks increases progressively from the first precursor event (0-impact) to the third (2-impact), culminating in the largest peak at the main-impact. The effects of the precursor waves preceding the main focused wave are less pronounced when the significant wave height is 0.10 m or 0.20 m. As shown in Fig. 4a and 4 b, for the 0.10 m and 0.20 m cases, respectively, the precursor waves generate only minor shear loads on the model. These results suggest that the intensity of the wave induced loads on the structure is probably influenced by the ratio between the wave height and the scale of the model. When this ratio is small, the impact of precursor waves becomes negligible, and the dominant response is primarily associated with the main focused wave.

a b Fig. 4. Shear load vs wave height at building model: (a) for wave height h = 0.10 m; (b) for wave height h = 0.20 m.