PSI - Issue 78

Riccardo Liberotti et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 78 (2026) 1919–1926

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In situ testing and long-term ageing studies will also be needed in order to validate the practical use of these new materials in heritage conservation. In general, the current research contributes to the ongoing ef forts in the field to preserve delicate non-structural elements of historical buildings in consideration of their mechanical reinforcement and conservation, preventing complex and stratified degradation phenomena.

Fig. 3. Force-displacement curves comparing as-built (1,2 in black lines) and consolidated prototypes (T-G in red lines) for three mix designs types: (a) A-gypsum and sand; (b) B-gypsum and black pozzolana; (c) E-lime, pozzolanic cement, and pozzolana. Acknowledgements The research was partially supported by the following projects: “Centro Internazionale per la ricerca sulle Scienze e Tecniche della Ricostruzione fisica, economica e sociale–STRIC”; Project FISR 2019: “Eco Earth” (code 00245); PRIN 2022 project “Composite and Bio-Inspired material Design for Engineering Applications” COB IDEA (code 2022MF4JR). This work has been also partially funded by the European Union– NextGenerationEU under the Italian Ministry of University and Research (MUR) National Innova tion Ecosystem grant ECS00000041 VITALITY CUP J97G22000170005. References Belardi, P., Gusella, V., Liberotti, R., Sorignani, C. (2022). Built environment’s sustainability: The design of the Gypso—TechA of the University of Perugia. Sustainability 14, 6857. Liberotti, R., Cavalagli, N., Cluni, F., Gioffre’, M., Pepi, C. and Gusella, V. (2021). Defence of architectural heritage: Ex perimental campaign on masonries reinforced with natural FRCM composite materials. In: COMPDYN Proceedings - 8th International Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, COMPDYN 2021. vol. 1, p. 141-150, ECCOMAS, ISBN: 978-618-85072-3-4, Athens - GR El-Gohary, M. A. (2017). Environmental impacts: Weathering factors, mechanism and forms affecting the stone decaying in Petra. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 135, 204–212. Ente Italiano di Normazione. (2006). UNI 11182:2006 – Materiali lapidei naturali ed artificiali: Descrizione della forma di alterazione – Termini e definizioni. Ronca, F. (1994). Protein determination in polychromed stone sculptures, stuccoes and gesso grounds. Studies in Conservation, 39(2), 107–120. Galassi, S., Ruggieri, N., and Tempesta, G. (2019). Ruins and Archaeological Artifacts: Vulnerabilities Analysis for Their Conservation Through the Original Computer Program BrickWORK. In: Aguilar, R., Torrealva, D., Moreira, S., Pando, M.A., Ramos, L.F. (eds) Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions. RILEM Bookseries, vol 18. Springer, Cham. Pipistrelli, M.E., Pepi, C., Greco, P.F., Tomassoli, L., Vinti, F., Quaglia, G., Latterini, L., Gioffr`e, M. Evaluating the impact of coatings and chemical treatments on the tensile behavior of natural fibers, Construction and Building Materials, Volume 485, 2025, 141724, ISSN 0950-0618. Cluni, F., Faralli, F., Gusella, V., and Liberotti, R. (2023). X-rays CT and mesoscale FEM of the shot-earth material. In A. M. Tarantino, F. Cotana, and M. Viviani (Eds.), Shot-earth for an eco-friendly and human-comfortable construction industry (Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering). Springer. Cluni, F., Schiantella, M., Faralli, F., Gusella, V. (2025). Mesoscale analysis of concrete earth mixtures, from CT to random generation of RVE. Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics,103765. Gomes, M. I., Faria, P., and Gon¸calves, T. D. (2019). Rammed earth walls repair by earth-based mortars: The adequacy to assess effectiveness. Construction and Building Materials, 205, 213–231. Biscontin, G., and Driussi, G. (Eds.). (2021). Lo stucco. Cultura, tecnologia, conoscenza: Atti del Convegno di studi Scienza e Beni Culturali XVII. Edizioni Arcadia Ricerche. UNI EN 1015-11. (1999). Methods of test for mortar for masonry – Part 11: Determination of flexural and compressive strength of hardened mortar. European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Brussels. British Standards Institution. (2019). BS EN 1015-11:2019. Methods of test for mortar for masonry – Part 11: Determination of flexural and compressive strength of hardened mortar. BSI Standards Publication.