PSI - Issue 78

Rita Couto et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 78 (2026) 1951–1958 Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2025) 000–000

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Table 1. Summary of metrics and indicators used to assess seismic, energy and socioeconomic vulnerabilities

Metric / Indicator

Equation [€]/ [€]/ [€] [€]/ , 24 � ������������ + ��������� + ��������� � /3 [€]/ [€] / [€]/ [€] [€]/ [€]/ 1 − ( +( − )/100)/2 Values obtained from Carvalho et al. (2023) ∑ , 24 ∙ / , 24 � , [ ℎ / 2 / ] ∙ [ 2 ] ∙ [€/ ℎ ] � / � 2 [ / 2 / ] ∙ [ 2 ] ∙ [€/ ] � / � / ��������������� + ����������� + / ��������������� + ����������� + / ��������������� + / ��������������� � /6

Seismic Average annual economic loss per building (AAEL /bldg ) Average annual economic loss ratio (AAEL R )

Average annual loss of life ratio (AALL R )

Seismic risk indicator (I S )

Energy Average annual energy loss per building (AAEnL /bldg ) Average annual energy loss ratio (AAEnL R ) Average annual carbon emission loss per building (AACEL /bldg ) Average annual carbon emission loss ratio (AACEL R ) Average annual energy loss per HDD (AAEnL /HDD ) Average annual energy loss per cooling degree days (CDD) (AAEnL /CDD ) Energy performance prioritisation indicator (I E )

Socioeconomic Socioeconomic vulnerability index (SVI)

Energy Poverty (MEVI)

Earthquake Risk Awareness (ERA) [ � � � � � � � � + � � � � � + � � � � � � ]/3 Nomenclature: AAEL: average annual economic loss; AALL: average annual loss of life; A dwellings : total area of dwellings; CDD: cooling degree days; CE C : carbon emissions cost; CO 2 : carbon emissions; C repl : replacement cost; EP gl,nren : total consumed energy; EU-SPI: European Social Progress Index; HDD: heating degree days; HDI: Human Development Index; N bldg : number of buildings; P: perception risk; P i,24 : number of occupants at the smallest available administrative level (i) over a 24-h period; Global socioeconomic vulnerability indicator (I G,SVI )

Seismic Risk

Seismic + Energy I I,S-E = (I S + I E )/2

Integrated prioritization I I,S-E-G = (I S +I E +I G,SVI )/3 The three domains are combined, providing a more holistic understanding of vulnerability and enabling more effective risk mitigation strategies. Seismic and socioeconomic indicators are combined, highlighting regions where both seismic vulnerability and socioeconomic challenges are more pronounced. Seismic + Socioeconomic I I,S-G = (I S + I G,SVI )/2

I S

Seismic and energy performance indicators are combined, highlighting regions with prominent seismic and energy challenges, focusing purely on engineering factors

Seismic + Energy

Seismic + Socioeconomic

I I,S-E

I I,S-G

Integrated prioritization

Energy + Socioeconomic I I,E-G = (I E + I G,SVI )/2

I I,S-E-G

Energy performance

Socioeconomic vulnerability

Energy and socioeconomic performance indicators are combined, identifying regions facing both energy efficiency challenges and socioeconomic vulnerabilities.

Energy + Socioeconomic

I E

I G,SVI

I I,E-G

Fig. 1 Integrated regional prioritisation.

3. Sectoral indicators assessment 3.1. Seismic risk metrics and indicator (I S )

The calculation of the seismic risk metrics comprises key components, namely hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. The seismic hazard was characterised using the most recent European Seismic Hazard Model (ESHM20) (Danciu et al. 2021), developed under the SERA project, and implemented through a classical probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) using OpenQuake (Pagani et al. 2014) across all Portuguese parishes. Ground motion intensity measures, including PGA and SA(T1), were derived from hazard curves accounting for local site effects using the VS30 map, highlighting higher seismic hazard in southern and central-west regions of