PSI - Issue 78

Fabio Micozzi et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 78 (2026) 1205–1212

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Fig. 9. (a) Tektu ğ Erkenek hes hydraulic power plant, (b) plan view and fault trace. (37.868906, 37.819837, POI_10)

4. Conclusions The February 6, 2023, earthquakes in Turkey and Syria. A multidisciplinary field survey in July 2023 provided insights into the impact of fault proximity on structures. This paper presents a partial synthesis of field observations from the reconnaissance mission, specifically examining the impact of surface faulting and ground deformation on various building types and infrastructure. Some conclusions can be drawn from this work:  the study found that construction type, foundation type, and ground stiffness significantly influenced damage patterns, with shallow foundations and compact structures showing the ability to slide on the ground resulting in low or no damage  equivalent structure embedded in stiff soil instead can not sustain the forces and the displacements related to the fault strike if the structure is intersected by the fault. The findings of this field study offer valuable insights into the broader topic of active and capable faults. The evidence reinforces the importance of establishing fault avoidance zones or setback areas within urban master plans, especially in seismically active regions. However, in situations where existing structures are already located within or near the trace of a capable fault, it becomes crucial to evaluate their relative vulnerability. This observation highlights the need for differentiated mitigation strategies, considering both the geometric and geotechnical characteristics of the structures affected by possible fault deformation. References Aydan, Ö., Ulusay, R., Kumsar, H., 2024. Faulting by the 2023 great earthquakes of Türkiye and associated stress field and its effects on built environment. Geoenviron Disasters 11, 38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40677-024-00299-0 Akta ş , Y. D., So, E., Johnson, C. et al. (2024). The Türkiye Earthquake Sequence of February 2023: A Longitudinal Study Report by EEFIT. Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team (EEFIT), Institution of Structural Engineers (IStructE). DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.15906.40641 Damc  , E., Temür, R., Kanbir, Z., Ş ekerci, Ç., Öztorun Köro ğ lu, E., 2025. Comprehensive investigation of damage due to 2023 Kahramanmara ş Earthquakes in Türkiye: Causes, consequences, and mitigation. Journal of Building Engineering 99, 111420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111420 Demir, A., 2025. Post-earthquake structural damage assessment, lessons learned, and addressing objections following the 2023 Kahramanmaras, Turkey earthquakes. Bull Earthquake Eng 23, 1107–1127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-024-02092-8 Ozkula, G., Dowell, R.K., Baser, T., Lin, J.-L., Numanoglu, O.A., Ilhan, O., Olgun, C.G., Huang, C.-W., Uludag, T.D., 2023. Field reconnaissance and observations from the February 6, 2023, Turkey earthquake sequence. Nat Hazards 119, 663–700. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-06143-2 Reitman, N. G., Briggs, R. W., Barnhart, W. D., Hatem, A. E., Thompson Jobe, J. A., DuRoss, C. B., ... & Akçiz, S. (2023). Rapid surface rupture mapping from satellite data: The 2023 Kahramanmara ş , Turkey (Türkiye), earthquake sequence. The Seismic Record, 3(4), 289-298. Shirato, M., Odawara, Y., 2023. Reconnaissance of the damage to roads and bridges in the 2023 Turkey Earthquake. Tobita, T., Kiyota, T., Torisu, S., Cinicioglu, O., Tonuk, G., Milev, N., Contreras, J., Contreras, O., Shiga, M., 2024. Geotechnical damage survey report on February 6, 2023 Turkey-Syria Earthquake, Turkey. Soils and Foundations 64, 101463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2024.101463 Toprak, S., Zulfikar, A.C., Mutlu, A., Tugsal, U.M., Nacaroglu, E., Karabulut, S., Ceylan, M., Ozdemir, K., Parlak, S., Dal, O., Karimzadeh, S., 2025. The aftermath of 2023 Kahramanmaras earthquakes: evaluation of strong motion data, geotechnical, building, and infrastructure issues. Nat Hazards 121, 2155–2192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-024-06890-w