PSI - Issue 78

Marina Serpe et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 78 (2026) 1000–1007

1006

Pushover without settlement

Pushover with settlement

One pier lateral settlement

Central settlement

Two piers lateral settlement

Fig. 5 Damage pattern obtained at the end of the pushover analysis for the reference geometry, both without settlement and with a prior settlement of 30 mm applied.

Figure 3 compares the fragility curves obtained for the different settlement scenarios with those derived under seismic action only. Solid lines refer to Type 1 spectrum, while dashed lines refer to Type 2. Different damage levels are also represented. The results show a clear increase in fragility, which is less pronounced in the case of central settlement. The symmetry of the applied loading condition makes this settlement profile the least detrimental. In contrast, the most severe response is observed under the two-piers lateral settlement scenario, which induces more widespread damage across the wall. This configuration activates a tilting mechanism that compromises the structural capacity and significantly increases the seismic vulnerability.

Fig. 6 Fragility curves (a) without settlement, (b) with central settlement, (c) with one-pier lateral settlement and (d) with two-piers lateral settlement.