PSI - Issue 78

Hadi Monsef Ahmadi et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 78 (2026) 1745–1752

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Fig. 3. Geometry properties of FEM (a) SPSW-G and (b) SPSW-G-2468.

3.2. FEM results The structural performance of the numerical models, as evaluated through pushover analysis, is presented in Fig. 4. As shown in Fig. 4a, both the SPSW-G specimen (with a perforated rigid steel plate) and the hybrid specimens incorporating ductile steel web plates demonstrated reduced performance in terms of maximum shear strength and initial stiffness compared to the solid plate specimen (SPSW-F). However, the hybrid configurations exhibited slight improvements over the purely perforated SPSW-G specimen, indicating the beneficial effect of the added ductile components on load-bearing capacity. More notably, the normalized out-of-plane displacements — illustrated in Fig. 4b — revealed significant improvements in specific hybrid configurations, particularly SPSW-G-5 and SPSW-G-2468. These specimens exhibited enhanced stability under lateral loading, confirming the effectiveness of strategically placed ductile steel infills in controlling out-of-plane deformation. Based on these results, it can be concluded that embedding ductile steel web plates within rigid perforated grids is an effective strategy to improve structural stability and enhance energy dissipation capacity under seismic loading. (a) (b)

Fig. 4. Geometry properties of FEM (a) SPSW-G and (b) SPSW-G-2468 .