PSI - Issue 78

Yang Liu et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 78 (2026) 2030–2037

2034

Figure 3 Illustrative example: (a) frontal view bridge; (b) Deck composite concrete-steel girder, (c) Wall Pier

FF

NFNP

NFPL

Total contributions

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 Proportion

0.980 0.982 0.984 0.986 0.988 0.990 0.992 0.994 0.996 0.998 1.000

Total contributions

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

S a

Figure 4. 2-D FE model of the beam-to-pier connections Figure 5. Proportion of FF, NFPL and NFNP ground motions (U.S. geological hazard science center (2017). 4.2 Seismic hazard and selection of ground motions According to the performance-based earthquake engineering approach, the adoption of IMs that allow to obtain hazard-consistent conditions and, at the same time, a good correlation with the selected quantity of interest represents has been widely discussed in the literature. The most accepted procedure is based on the selection of a global IM that can be used to scale the selected records to exceed difference limit states. Frequently used IMs are generally scalar. Spectral acceleration Sa(T) has often been demonstrated to be superior with respect to PGA, and hence will be employed in this paper for the seismic resilience assessment Giovenale, et al. (2004). For the probabilistic seismic hazard disaggregation analysis, the Interactive disaggregation’s tool, Lin, et al. (2011), has been adopted to achieve the factor at the given location of bridges and the site condition. The bridge is assumed ideally located in the city of Livermore in California (USA), with northern latitude 37.682°, western longitude 121.768°, which is a recognized near-fault seismic region according to the Interactive Fault Map available in U.S. geological hazard science center (2017). The seismic design conditions belong to NEHRP site class B/C boundary, with an average shear – wave velocity in the top 30 meters (Vs30) of 760 m/s, Young, et al. (2015). As described in section 2, a near-fault pulse-like (NFPL) source is characterized by the presence of velocity pulses in the velocity time- history of ground motions. The recommended values of αk(IM=i) in Equation (6), i.e. the proportion factor for NFPL, are respectively 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85% and 90%, which corresponds to the level of