PSI - Issue 78

Matteo Calzolari et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 78 (2026) 1119–1125

1123

The mechanisms representing the condition of the structure following the installation of tie rods will be therefore analyzed. In particular, an out-of-plane overturning analysis of the uppermost level and an out-of-plane expulsion mechanism of the lower level will be carried out. The three analyzed mechanisms are shown in Fig. 5. The mechanical properties of the masonry were determined through in-situ experimental tests, such as double flat jack tests and shove tests, using the formulations provided in section §C8.5.4.3 of the Italian Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport (2019), and adopting a knowledge level of 3 for the determination of average strengths. An example of the performed tests is shown in Fig. 6. Masonry properties obtained from the experimental campaign are reported in Table 1.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Fig. 5. Overturning mechanism of the first and second floors; (b) Overturning mechanism of the second floor; (c) First-floor expulsion mechanism.

(b)

(a)

Fig. 6. (a) Flat jack test; (b) Shove test.

Table 1. Mechanical properties of existing masonry.

Mean compressive strength

Mean shear strength for zero vertical compression

Specific weight

Elastic modulus

Shear modulus

W [kN/m 3 ]

f m [MPa]

f v0m [MPa]

E [MPa]

G [MPa]

20

3.99

0.44

1810

603