PSI - Issue 78

Adriano Andrés Del Fiol et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 78 (2026) 1713–1720

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assumed to remain in the elastic regime throughout the loading sequence. No rotational coupling or moment transfer was modeled

Fig. 3. (a) RC frame with masonry infill model, (b) RC frame with CLT Panel infill model, (c) Detailed scheme of the CLT-frame connection.

3.2. Boundary conditions and loading protocol Considering the original experimental setup, the same boundary conditions were applied to all the developed numerical FE models. In particular, a fixed condition was assigned to one of the base points, while multi-point constraints (MPCs) were used to replicate the support conditions across the foundation. A cyclic analysis was conducted in accordance with the drift protocol defined in the reference work (0.1%, 0.4%, 1.2%, 3.6%, 0.4%). 4. Discussion of Results The load-displacement curves were extracted and compared with the experimental ones derived by Calvi and Bolognini (2001). The results are reported following. 4.1. Bare frame model The numerical model of the bare RC frame closely reproduces the overall cyclic behaviour observed in the experimental test (Fig. 4a), particularly with respect to maximum strength, initial stiffness, and deformation capacity. Nevertheless, minor inconsistencies can be observed in the pinching behaviour and energy dissipation during intermediate cycles. These disparities may be ascribed to simplifications in the CDP parameters or idealised boundary conditions. Nevertheless, the model successfully captures the fundamental characteristics of the frame response, thereby validating the numerical strategy. The numerical outcomes for the bare frame configuration are displayed in Fig. 4b. The analysis indicates that the damage is concentrated in the critical zones of the frame elements as expected from the employed design strategy. Specifically, significant damage can be observed at the beam-column joints and the base of the columns. This pattern is consistent with the expected failure mechanism of a moment-resisting frame. The maximum damage values are localized at the extremities of the structural members, while the rest of the frame remains in the elastic range.