PSI - Issue 78

Marco Pirrò et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 78 (2026) 1641–1648

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Fig. 3. Sensor A3, comparison between original and reconstructed sequences from (a) INT; (b) DMG2 scenarios.

Fig. 4. Mean Absolute Error (MAE) over the datasets.

Figure 4 illustrates the progression of the MAE – serving as an indicator of reconstruction loss – across the test datasets and individual channels. By using the 99th percentile of the MAE values obtained from the training set as a threshold to distinguish between normal and anomalous reconstructions, the following observations can be made: (a) nearly all time series recorded under damage conditions (specifically, scenarios DMG1, DMG2, and DMG3) are accurately identified; (b) within any given damage scenario, higher MAE scores are associated with locations closer to the affected strut; (c) greater damage severity results in increased MAE values; and (d) the RCV scenario produces