PSI - Issue 78

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect

Procedia Structural Integrity 78 (2026) 976–983

© 2025 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of XX ANIDIS Conference organizers Keywords: Masonry non-linear modelling; Out-of-plane mechanisms; Seismic retrofitting; Heritage structure analysis. Abstract A Finite Element (FE) model implemented in SAP2000 is presented in this paper to analyze Out-Of-Plane (OOP) behaviour of masonry walls under horizontal actions. According to current Italian building code, the vulnerability of masonry walls regarding OOP may be assessed through linear and non-linear kinematic analyses. Nevertheless, these methods - even if efficient – might be tedious when applied to more complex OOP mechanisms or even for considering more complex phenomena (e.g., corner detachments). For this purpose, a numerical model based on the equivalent frame idealization is here proposed. Within this model, the non-linearity is considered concentrated at the base of the frame elements introducing plastic hinges. Modelling flexural hinges, several and/or multiple out-of-plane mechanisms may be activated in the model related to various parameters, for instance, external boundary conditions. Simple overturning and combined flexural mechanisms as well as various loading scenarios have been adopted for evaluating the application range of the proposed model. Evaluating the results, the proposed model allows to determine the development of the appropriate failure mechanism deriving from the input parameters. Furthermore, typical seismic strengthening interventions (e.g., steel ties, reinforced concrete ring beams) have been considered for each mechanism, leading to analyse the same geometry in both pre-intervention (IS) and post-intervention (PS) configurations hypothesized. The comparison with the analytical results still confirms the reliability and effectiveness of the proposed model. XX ANIDIS Conference Non-linear Finite Element modelling for the out-of-plane analysis of masonry walls Tommaso Petrella a, *,Marco Postiglione a,b , Giuseppe Brandonisio a a Department of Structures for Engineering and Architecture, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, Naples 80125, Italy b Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Via Francesco De Sanctis snc, Campobasso 86100, Italy

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +39-081-768-2437. E-mail address: tommaso.petrella@unina.it

2452-3216 © 2025 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of XX ANIDIS Conference organizers 10.1016/j.prostr.2025.12.125