PSI - Issue 78
Anna Lo Monaco et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 78 (2026) 544–551
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Table 2. Risk scoring and classification at Level 0_E
VULNERABILITY High 21 ≤ IV ≤ 25 → 5 EXPOSITION
RISK
High
Medium-High
Medium
Medium-Low
Low
25 ≤ IE ≤ 30 → 5
20 ≤ IE < 25 → 4
16 ≤ IE < 20 → 3
11 ≤ IE < 16 → 2
6 ≤ IE < 11 → 1
34 ≤ IH ≤ 40 → 5 27 ≤ IH < 34 → 4 21 ≤ IH < 27 → 3 14 ≤ IH < 21 → 2 8 ≤ IH < 14 → 1
15 - HIGH 14 - HIGH 13 - HIGH
14 - HIGH
13 - HIGH
12 - MEDIUM-HIGH 11 - MEDIUM-HIGH
High
13 - HIGH 12 - MEDIUM-HIGH 11 - MEDIUM-HIGH 10 - MEDIUM 12 - MEDIUM-HIGH 11 - MEDIUM-HIGH 10 - MEDIUM 9 - MEDIUM
Medium-High
Medium
12 - MEDIUM-HIGH 11 - MEDIUM-HIGH 10 - MEDIUM 11 - MEDIUM-HIGH 10 - MEDIUM 9 - MEDIUM
9 - MEDIUM
8 - MEDIUM
Medium-Low
Low
8 - MEDIUM 7 - MEDIUM-LOW
HAZARD HAZARD HAZARD HAZARD
VULNERABILITY Medium-High 17 ≤ IV < 21 → 4 EXPOSITION
RISK
High
Medium-High
Medium
Medium-Low
Low
25 ≤ IE ≤ 30 → 5
20 ≤ IE < 25 → 4
16 ≤ IE < 20 → 3
11 ≤ IE < 16 → 2
6 ≤ IE < 11 → 1
34 ≤ IH ≤ 40 → 5 27 ≤ IH < 34 → 4 21 ≤ IH < 27 → 3 14 ≤ IH < 21 → 2 8 ≤ IH < 14 → 1
14 - HIGH 13 - HIGH
13 - HIGH 12 - MEDIUM-HIGH 11 - MEDIUM-HIGH 10 - MEDIUM 12 - MEDIUM-HIGH 11 - MEDIUM-HIGH 10 - MEDIUM 9 - MEDIUM
High
Medium-High
12 - MEDIUM-HIGH 11 - MEDIUM-HIGH 10 - MEDIUM 11 - MEDIUM-HIGH 10 - MEDIUM 9 - MEDIUM
9 - MEDIUM
8 - MEDIUM
Medium
8 - MEDIUM 7 - MEDIUM-LOW
Medium-Low
Low
10 - MEDIUM
9 - MEDIUM
8 - MEDIUM 7 - MEDIUM-LOW 6 - MEDIUM-LOW
VULNERABILITY Medium 13 ≤ IV < 17 → 3 EXPOSITION
RISK
High
Medium-High
Medium
Medium-Low
Low
25 ≤ IE ≤ 30 → 5
20 ≤ IE < 25 → 4
16 ≤ IE < 20 → 3
11 ≤ IE < 16 → 2
6 ≤ IE < 11 → 1
34 ≤ IH ≤ 40 → 5 27 ≤ IH < 34 → 4 21 ≤ IH < 27 → 3 14 ≤ IH < 21 → 2 8 ≤ IH < 14 → 1
13 - HIGH
12 - MEDIUM-HIGH 11 - MEDIUM-HIGH 10 - MEDIUM 9 - MEDIUM
High
12 - MEDIUM-HIGH 11 - MEDIUM-HIGH 10 - MEDIUM 11 - MEDIUM-HIGH 10 - MEDIUM 9 - MEDIUM
9 - MEDIUM
8 - MEDIUM
Medium-High
8 - MEDIUM 7 - MEDIUM-LOW
Medium
Medium-Low
10 - MEDIUM 9 - MEDIUM
9 - MEDIUM
8 - MEDIUM 7 - MEDIUM-LOW 6 - MEDIUM-LOW
Low
8 - MEDIUM 7 - MEDIUM-LOW 6 - MEDIUM-LOW 5 - LOW
VULNERABILITY Medium-Low 9 ≤ IV < 13 → 2 EXPOSITION
RISK
High
Medium-High
Medium
Medium-Low
Low
25 ≤ IE ≤ 30 → 5
20 ≤ IE < 25 → 4
16 ≤ IE < 20 → 3
11 ≤ IE < 16 → 2 9 - MEDIUM
6 ≤ IE < 11 → 1 8 - MEDIUM
34 ≤ IH ≤ 40 → 5 27 ≤ IH < 34 → 4 21 ≤ IH < 27 → 3 14 ≤ IH < 21 → 2 8 ≤ IH < 14 → 1
12 - MEDIUM-HIGH 11 - MEDIUM-HIGH 10 - MEDIUM 11 - MEDIUM-HIGH 10 - MEDIUM 9 - MEDIUM
High
8 - MEDIUM 7 - MEDIUM-LOW
Medium-High
10 - MEDIUM 9 - MEDIUM
9 - MEDIUM
8 - MEDIUM 7 - MEDIUM-LOW 6 - MEDIUM-LOW
Medium
8 - MEDIUM 7 - MEDIUM-LOW 6 - MEDIUM-LOW 5 - LOW
Medium-Low
Low
8 - MEDIUM 7 - MEDIUM-LOW 6 - MEDIUM-LOW
5 - LOW
4 - LOW
VULNERABILITY Low
5 ≤ IV < 9 → 1 EXPOSITION
RISK
High
Medium-High
Medium
Medium-Low
Low
25 ≤ IE ≤ 30 → 5
20 ≤ IE < 25 → 4
16 ≤ IE < 20 → 3
11 ≤ IE < 16 → 2
6 ≤ IE < 11 → 1
34 ≤ IH ≤ 40 → 5 27 ≤ IH < 34 → 4 21 ≤ IH < 27 → 3 14 ≤ IH < 21 → 2 8 ≤ IH < 14 → 1
11 - MEDIUM-HIGH 10 - MEDIUM 9 - MEDIUM
8 - MEDIUM 7 - MEDIUM-LOW
High
10 - MEDIUM 9 - MEDIUM
9 - MEDIUM
8 - MEDIUM 7 - MEDIUM-LOW 6 - MEDIUM-LOW
Medium-High
8 - MEDIUM 7 - MEDIUM-LOW 6 - MEDIUM-LOW 5 - LOW
Medium
8 - MEDIUM 7 - MEDIUM-LOW 6 - MEDIUM-LOW 7 - MEDIUM-LOW 6 - MEDIUM-LOW 5 - LOW
5 - LOW 4 - LOW
4 - LOW 3 - LOW
Medium-Low
Low
HAZARD
3. Case studies analyzed The methodology presented above is now applied to no. 8 churches (Fig. 3) assumed as case studies. In particular, no. 4 of them are located in Matera city, in the south of Italy (Basilicata Region), while the remaining no. 4 are situated in the Timis District in northwest Romania (Banat Region). The Italian Catholic churches investigated (Fig. 1) are all made of typical calcarenitic stone squared blocks masonry walls and present masonry vaults and/or wooden ceilings as horizontal structures. They are characterized by single- or triple-nave floor plans, presbytery, apse, bell tower, and side chapels. Roofs always present a tile covering. Moreover, they all present adjoining buildings. The first one is the St. Fransis of Assisi Church (Fig. 1a), built around the 11th century on the site of a former medieval cemetery, incorporating an earlier rupestrian church. It was expanded in the 15th and 16th centuries and
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