PSI - Issue 78

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect

Procedia Structural Integrity 78 (2026) 1529–1536

© 2025 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of XX ANIDIS Conference organizers Keywords: Nonlinear three-dimensional macroelement; strengthening interventions; equivalent-frame modeling; masonry structures; seismic analysis. This paper introduces a novel three-dimensional macroelement developed to effectively capture the coupled in-plane and out-of plane response of unstrengthened and strengthened masonry elements, balancing computational efficiency with constitutive law versatility through a stripe or fiber discretization of the cross-section. Indeed, the proposed formulation facilitates the introduction of additional reinforcement, enabling the explicit modeling of a wide range of strengthening solutions. The effectiveness of the proposed macroelement in reproducing the lateral response of masonry piers are proved through the numerical simulation of experimental quasi-static cyclic shear-compression tests. XX ANIDIS Conference A 3D macroelement formulation for modeling unstrengthened and strengthened masonry piers Christian Salvatori a, *, Gabriele Guerrini a , Alessandro Galasco a , Andrea Penna a a Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture (DICAr), University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 3, 27100 Pavia, Italy Abstract The widespread presence and seismic vulnerability of unreinforced masonry (URM) structures have prompted extensive research into their assessment and retrofit. Even when local vulnerabilities are mitigated and a global three-dimensional behavior is promoted, the seismic performance under horizontal excitations might still be insufficient. To address this limitation, strengthening interventions using composite materials, such as Fabric-Reinforced Cementitious Matrices (FRCM) or Composite-Reinforced Mortars (CRM), as well as retrofitting systems based on steel or timber exoskeletons, are often applied to one or both sides of the masonry walls.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +39 0382 98 5469 E-mail address: christian.salvatori@unipv.it

2452-3216 © 2025 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of XX ANIDIS Conference organizers 10.1016/j.prostr.2025.12.195