PSI - Issue 77

ScienceDirect Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2026) 000–000 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2026) 000–000 Procedia Structural Integrity 77 (2026) 323–330 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect

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© 2026 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of ICSI organizers Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) techniques are increasingly popular across various industries due to their capability of producing complex shapes with minimal waste. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is the most widely used method for creating these reinforced structures. The printed materials are intended for various applications, such as prototypes for the covers of thermal sensors or components in thermal storage systems. The paper presents the results of experimental activities related to 3D-printed samples, which aim to determine the thermal effects and strength of thermoplastic materials, such as polylactic acid (PLA). During the tensile tests, five different infill patterns were investigated: cubic pattern, lines pattern, triangle pattern, octet pattern, and quarter cubic pattern. The comparison of stress-strain curves, Poisson’s ratio, Young's Modulus, etc., allows for evaluating the range of operating conditions and the application of selected printed samples. The novelty of the presented study is the analysis of thermal effects and comparison with mechanical effects during the tensile test of analyzed samples using thermal imaging results. The values of average temperature change during force increases and rapid temperature changes in the region close to the place of failure can be used in thermo-mechanical characterization of materials. Analysis of thermo-mechanical effects can help investigate the material fracture mechanisms produced by the FDM additive manufacturing technique. Keywords: Additive manufacturing; biodegradable PLA; tensile testing; thermal camera; infill patterns © 2026 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of ICSI organizers International Conference on Structural Integrity Thermo-mechanical characterization of 3D printed samples with different infill patterns produced by FDM additive manufacturing technique Pawel Madejski a, *, Isyna Izzal Muna a , and Tomasz Machniewicz b a Department of Power Systems and Environmental Protection Facilities, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, AGH University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland b Department of Machine Design and Maintenance, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, AGH University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) techniques are increasingly popular across various industries due to their capability of producing complex shapes with minimal waste. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is the most widely used method for creating these reinforced structures. The printed materials are intended for various applications, such as prototypes for the covers of thermal sensors or components in thermal storage systems. The paper presents the results of experimental activities related to 3D-printed samples, which aim to determine the thermal effects and strength of thermoplastic materials, such as polylactic acid (PLA). During the tensile tests, five different infill patterns were investigated: cubic pattern, lines pattern, triangle pattern, octet pattern, and quarter cubic pattern. The comparison of stress-strain curves, Poisson’s ratio, Young's Modulus, etc., allows for evaluating the range of operating conditions and the application of selected printed samples. The novelty of the presented study is the analysis of thermal effects and comparison with mechanical effects during the tensile test of analyzed samples using thermal imaging results. The values of average temperature change during force increases and rapid temperature changes in the region close to the place of failure can be used in thermo-mechanical characterization of materials. Analysis of thermo-mechanical effects can help investigate the material fracture mechanisms produced by the FDM additive manufacturing technique. Keywords: Additive manufacturing; biodegradable PLA; tensile testing; thermal camera; infill patterns © 2026 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of ICSI organizers International Conference on Structural Integrity Thermo-mechanical characterization of 3D printed samples with different infill patterns produced by FDM additive manufacturing technique Pawel Madejski a, *, Isyna Izzal Muna a , and Tomasz Machniewicz b a Department of Power Systems and Environmental Protection Facilities, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, AGH University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland b Department of Machine Design and Maintenance, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, AGH University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +48 617 39 59. E-mail address: madejski@agh.edu.pl

2452-3216 © 2026 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of ICSI organizers 10.1016/j.prostr.2026.01.042 2452-3216 © 2026 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of ICSI organizers 2452-3216 © 2026 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of ICSI organizers * Corresponding author. Tel.: +48 617 39 59. E-mail address: madejski@agh.edu.pl