PSI - Issue 77

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect

Procedia Structural Integrity 77 (2026) 256–263 Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2026) 000–000 Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2026) 000–000

www.elsevier.com / locate / procedia www.elsevier.com / locate / procedia

© 2026 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of ICSI organizers The samples were divided into two sets: one remained intact, while the other was exposed to elevated temperature and tensile loading. The structural integrity of the samples from both sets was assessed using SEM and the THz spectrometer. It was observed that the temperature a ff ected the polymer matrix (resulting in matrix cracking) and the quality of the fibre / matrix interface (with fibres being pulled out). These analyses provided a deeper understanding of the degradation processes in GFRP under mechanical and environmental loading. © 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http: // creativecommons.org / licenses / by-nc-nd / 4.0 / ) Peer-review under responsibility of ICSI organizers. Keywords: Additive manufacturing; Structural Health Monitoring; structural degradation; temperature; THz spectroscopy; Structural analyses were performed using a Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and a THz spectrometer. The results showed that the impact of embedded fibre optics on the internal structure of the composite depends on the manufacturing method. In the standard method, the embedded fibres are surrounded by a larger amount of polymer (referred to as a ”resin pocket”), while in the AM structure, part of the next 3D-printed layer shifts over the embedded fibre. The samples were divided into two sets: one remained intact, while the other was exposed to elevated temperature and tensile loading. The structural integrity of the samples from both sets was assessed using SEM and the THz spectrometer. It was observed that the temperature a ff ected the polymer matrix (resulting in matrix cracking) and the quality of the fibre / matrix interface (with fibres being pulled out). These analyses provided a deeper understanding of the degradation processes in GFRP under mechanical and environmental loading. © 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http: // creativecommons.org / licenses / by-nc-nd / 4.0 / ) Peer-review under responsibility of ICSI organizers. Keywords: Additive manufacturing; Structural Health Monitoring; structural degradation; temperature; THz spectroscopy; Abstract This paper aims to analyse the structural di ff erences between glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) with embedded fibre optic sensors, in relation to the manufacturing method. Two methods were analysed: standard infusion and additive manufacturing (AM). For the AM method, a modified fused deposition modelling (FDM) technique was selected. Structural analyses were performed using a Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and a THz spectrometer. The results showed that the impact of embedded fibre optics on the internal structure of the composite depends on the manufacturing method. In the standard method, the embedded fibres are surrounded by a larger amount of polymer (referred to as a ”resin pocket”), while in the AM structure, part of the next 3D-printed layer shifts over the embedded fibre. Abstract This paper aims to analyse the structural di ff erences between glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) with embedded fibre optic sensors, in relation to the manufacturing method. Two methods were analysed: standard infusion and additive manufacturing (AM). For the AM method, a modified fused deposition modelling (FDM) technique was selected. International Conference on Structural Integrity Structural Analyses of GFRP with Embedded Fibre Optics Manufactured using Standard and Additive Manufacturing Methods Magdalena Mieloszyk a , Suvam Bhadra a a Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14, 80-231 Gdansk, Poland International Conference on Structural Integrity Structural Analyses of GFRP with Embedded Fibre Optics Manufactured using Standard and Additive Manufacturing Methods Magdalena Mieloszyk a , Suvam Bhadra a a Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14, 80-231 Gdansk, Poland

1. Introduction 1. Introduction

Glass fibre reinforced polymers (GFRPs) combine the high tensile strength of glass fibres with a polymer matrix to produce laminates with good impact resistance and enhanced toughness. GFRPs o ff er high specific strength, corrosion resistance, and ease of shaping, allowing lightweight structures in aerospace, automotive, civil, and wind energy structures Shu et al. (2023). Their low cost compared to carbon fibres, tensile strength of 2–4 GPa and elastic modulus around 70-90 GPa make them attractive for large-scale components Zheng et al. (2025). Despite these advantages, Glass fibre reinforced polymers (GFRPs) combine the high tensile strength of glass fibres with a polymer matrix to produce laminates with good impact resistance and enhanced toughness. GFRPs o ff er high specific strength, corrosion resistance, and ease of shaping, allowing lightweight structures in aerospace, automotive, civil, and wind energy structures Shu et al. (2023). Their low cost compared to carbon fibres, tensile strength of 2–4 GPa and elastic modulus around 70-90 GPa make them attractive for large-scale components Zheng et al. (2025). Despite these advantages,

∗ Corresponding author. E-mail address: mmieloszyk@imp.gda.pl ∗ Corresponding author. E-mail address: mmieloszyk@imp.gda.pl

2452-3216 © 2026 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of ICSI organizers 10.1016/j.prostr.2026.01.034 2210-7843 © 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http: // creativecommons.org / licenses / by-nc-nd / 4.0 / ) Peer-review under responsibility of ICSI organizers. 2210-7843 © 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http: // creativecommons.org / licenses / by-nc-nd / 4.0 / ) Peer-review under responsibility of ICSI organizers.