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566 Vasco Gomes et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 77 (2026) 559–566 Gomes et al./ Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2026) 000–000 W here, η is the dynamic viscosity, U is the tangential speed of the shaft (relative to the bearing), r is the radius of the shaft, is the radial clearance, ε is the relative eccentricity and 0 is the pressure of the injected fluid. This creates a radial chart of the pressure along the bearing, shown in Fig. 7-c), for a certain instant of time (in this case 60.5 s). 8

Fig. 7. (a) Initial relative eccentricity, dynamic viscosity and temperature; (b) Values after stabilization; (c) Pressure distribution at 60.5s.

5. Conclusion The models developed were able to simulate with success the servo press behaviour, replicating its main movements and applied loads. Monitoring the slide’s movement and the internal loads is fundamental, along with the other system functionalities that help understand the overall performance. It is important to note that the SimulationX® software allows for the determination of numerous parameters, and those shown in this paper are just a small fraction. Future work would include identifying critical points, modelling failure scenarios, implementing an experimental validation and integrating the system in a digital twin dashboard that combines this with results from multiple sensors. Acknowledgements This work has been supported by the European Union under the Next Generation EU, through a grant of the Portuguese Republic’s Recovery and Resilience Plan (PRR) Partnership Agreement, within the scope of the PRODUTECH R3- “Agenda Mobilizadora da Fileira das Tecnologias de Produção para a Reindustrialização”, nr C645808870 - 00000067, investment project nr 60, Total project Investment: 166.988.013,71 Euros; Total Grant: 97.111.730,27 Euros. References Grieves, M., 2016. Origins of the Digital Twin Concept. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.26367.61609 Jomartov, A., Tuleshov, A., Jamalov, N., Seydakhmet, A., Ibrayev, S., Kuatova, M., Kaimov, A., Temirbekov, Y., Bostanov, B., 2021. Dynamic Model of Servo Mechanical Press, in: Venture, G., Solis, J., Takeda, Y., Konno, A. (Eds.), ROMANSY 23 - Robot Design, Dynamics and Control. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 170–178. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58380-4_21 Ocvirk, F.W., 1952. Short-bearing approximation for full journal bearings. Osakada, K., Mori, K., Altan, T., Groche, P., 2011. Mechanical servo press technology for metal forming. CIRP Ann. 60, 651–672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2011.05.007 Qi, Q., Tao, F., Hu, T., Anwer, N., Liu, A., Wei, Y., Wang, L., Nee, A.Y.C., 2021. Enabling technologies and tools for digital twin. J. Manuf. Syst., Digital Twin towards Smart Manufacturing and Industry 4.0 58, 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmsy.2019.10.001 SCHULER GmbH, 1998. Metal Forming Handbook. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58857-0 Tao, F., Zhang, H., Liu, A., Nee, A.Y.C., 2019. Digital Twin in Industry: State-of-the-Art. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform. 15, 2405–2415. https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2018.2873186 Wittenburg, J. (Ed.), 2008. General Multibody Systems, in: Dynamics of Multibody Systems. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 89–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73914-2_5 Xu, T., Xia, Q.-X., Long, J., Long, X., 2018. A study on multi-domain modeling and simulation of precision high-speed servo numerical control punching press. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part J. Syst. Control Eng. 232, 830–844. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959651818762945 Zhong, D., Xia, Z., Zhu, Y., Duan, J., 2023. Overview of predictive maintenance based on digital twin technology. Heliyon 9, e14534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14534