PSI - Issue 77

M. Turhan et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 77 (2026) 543–549 M.Turhan et al. / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2026) 000 – 000

549

7

• Vertically printed EOS HX samples had similar high temperature- strength with conventional HX samples, which is characteristic of Hastelloy X material having high temperature strength. • There was no remarkable change in oxidation of the test coupons during the supercritical water exposure test. • Default support parameters were not enough to maintain the printability which led to more conservative support structures with different process parameters. That’s why heat exchanger unit was printed by more solid support to lead heat dissipation to the platform and avoid deformation and residual stress. • The investigation showed that block supports were not stable and the Hastelloy HX material has very severe residual stresses. That’s why further research may be on residual stress and support structures (especially block support). Acknowledgement This work is co-financed from the state budget by Technology Agency of the Czech Republic under the Velemlok THÉTA Programme. The project number is TK04020056 for ``High Temperature Resistant Material for Heat Circuit Components`` which is under frame of the support of applied research, experimental development and innovation. www.tacr.cz References [1] ‘Additive Manufacturing Standards - Standards Products - Standards & Publications - Products & Services’. Accessed: Mar. 01, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.astm.org/products-services/standards-and-publications/standards/additive-manufacturing-standards.html [2] C. Suwanpreecha and A. Manonukul, ‘A Review on Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing of Metal and How It Compares with Me tal Injection Moulding’, Metals , vol. 12, no. 3, Art. no. 3, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.3390/met12030429. [3] F. Zhang et al. , ‘The recent development of vat photopolymerization: A review’, Additive Manufacturing , vol. 48, p. 102423, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.addma.2021.102423. [4] A. Elkaseer, K. J. Chen, J. C. Janhsen, O. Refle, V. Hagenmeyer, and S. G. Scholz, ‘Material jetting for advanced application s: A state-of the- art review, gaps and future directions’, Additive Manufacturing , vol. 60, p. 103270, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.addma.2022.103270. [5] ‘Sheet Lamination | Additive Manufacturing Research Group | Loughborough University’. Accessed: Mar. 01, 2025. [Online]. Avai lable: https://www.lboro.ac.uk/research/amrg/about/the7categoriesofadditivemanufacturing/sheetlamination/ [6] D. Dev Singh, T. Mahender, and A. Raji Reddy, ‘Powder bed fusion process: A brief review’, Materials Today: Proceedings , vol. 46, pp. 350 – 355, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.415. [7] M. Liu, A. Kumar, S. Bukkapatnam, and M. Kuttolamadom, ‘A Review of the Anomalies in Directed Energy Deposition (DED) Process es & Potential Solutions - Part Quality & Defects’, Procedia Manufacturing , vol. 53, pp. 507 – 518, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.promfg.2021.06.093. [8] M. Ziaee and N. B. Crane, ‘Binder jetting: A review of process, materials, and methods’, Additive Manufacturing , vol. 28, pp. 781 – 801, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.addma.2019.05.031. [9] P. Mercelis and J. Kruth, ‘Residual stresses in selective laser sintering and selective laser melting’, Rapid Prototyping Journal , vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 254 – 265, Jan. 2006, doi: 10.1108/13552540610707013. [10] Y. Kok et al. , ‘Anisotropy and heterogeneity of microstructure and mechanical properties in metal additive manufacturing: A critical review’, Materials & Design , vol. 139, pp. 565 – 586, Feb. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2017.11.021. [11] P. Kokkonen et al. , Design guide for additive manufacturing of metal components by SLM process . in VTT Research Report. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, 2016. [12] ‘Hastelloy X | Alloys International, Inc.’ Accessed: Jan. 16, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://alloysintl.com/inventory/nic kel-and-cobalt alloys/hastelloy_x/ [13] ‘HASTELLOY® X’, Haynes International. Accessed: Jan. 16, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://haynesintl.com/en/alloys/alloy portfolio/high-temperature-alloys/hastelloy-x/ [14] ‘The nickel advantage’. Accessed: Jan. 16, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://nickelinstitute.org/en/nickel-applications/stainless-steel/the nickel-advantage [15] ‘Stainless steel: The role of nickel’. Accessed: Jan. 16, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://nickelinstitute.org/en/nickel -applications/stainless steel [16] ‘Nickel Alloys for Industrial 3D Printing | EOS’. Accessed: Jan. 16, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://uk.eos.info/en -gb/3d-printing materials/metals/nickel-alloys [17] M. Turhan, ‘Investigation of printability and mechanical properties of Hastelloy X (HX) manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusi on (L PBF)’, Master`s Thesis, University of West Bohemia in Pilsen, Pilsen, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://theses.cz/id/tsenjl /#panel_text [18] P. Mercelis and J. Kruth, ‘Residual stresses in selective laser sintering and selective laser melting’, Rapid Prototyping Journal , vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 254 – 265, Jan. 2006, doi: 10.1108/13552540610707013. [19] ‘inconel -alloy- hx.pdf’. Accessed: May 22, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.specialmetals.com/documents/technical bulletins/inconel/inconel-alloy-hx.pdf

Made with FlippingBook flipbook maker