PSI - Issue 77

Arian Semedo and João Garcia/ Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2026) 000–000

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Arian Semedo et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 77 (2026) 498–511

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5.4. Solution D Solution D considers a subcritical CO₂ booster refrigeration system, where refrigerant cooling is achieved through seawater heat exchange, taking advantage of the facility’s coastal location. In addition, the electricity required for system operation is supplied from renewable resources, specifically wind and

Fig. 7. Solution D

photovoltaic solar energy (Figure 7). 6. Performance assessment 6.1. Coefficient of Performance (COP) Evaluation

This subsection provides a systematic evaluation of the coefficient of performance (COP) across the four proposed refrigeration system configurations. The analysis is conducted to quantify and compare the energy efficiency of each system under defined oper ational conditions. Key performance indicators, including cooling capacity, heat recovery, electrical power demand, and estimated annual energy consumption, are summarized in Table 3, facilitating a comprehensive comparison of system effectiveness and operational sustainability.

Table 3. Comparative Analysis of Refrigeration solutions

Solutions

Cooling Capacity (W)

Heat Recovery (W)

COP

Electrical Power Demand (MWe)

Annual Energy Consumption (MWh)

A B C D

28480 28480 28480 28480

0

1.99 1.30 1.30 3.02

54.264 69.952 69.952 50.801

475.352 613.200 613.200

10320 10320 10320

445.016 The analysis indicates that Solution D achieves the highest COP of 3.02, reflecting superior energy efficiency in the refrigeration process. In addition, it presents the lowest electrical power consumption, demonstrating both operational effectiveness and sustainability. Conversely, Solution A shows a notably lower COP, primarily due to the lack of heat recovery mechanisms, while Solutions B and C also exhibit reduced efficiency. These findings align with previous research, including Sengupta et al. (2023), underscoring the importance of adopting energy-efficient strategies, particularly through the integration of