PSI - Issue 77

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ScienceDirect Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2026) 000 – 000 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2026) 000 – 000 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Structural Integrity 77 (2026) 611–630

www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

© 2026 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of ICSI organizers In order to validate the proposed method, experimental tests were conducted using a prototype vehicle (rc-vehicle) for various driving scenarios considering different load conditions. The consequent results were compared with ones obtained through static methods, exhibiting good accuracy. Therefore, the method proposed to estimate the CoG height position can be implemented to assist the vehicle in monitoring real-time rollover risk and improving the accuracy of vehicle safety control system, or act as a warning system to the driver. In order to validate the proposed method, experimental tests were conducted using a prototype vehicle (rc-vehicle) for various driving scenarios considering different load conditions. The consequent results were compared with ones obtained through static methods, exhibiting good accuracy. Therefore, the method proposed to estimate the CoG height position can be implemented to assist the vehicle in monitoring real-time rollover risk and improving the accuracy of vehicle safety control system, or act as a warning system to the driver. International Conference on Structural Integrity An experimental evaluation of a vehicle’s center of gravity (CoG) height in motion Francisco Castro a,b * , Francisco Queirós de Melo a , David Faria a , Job Silva a , João Nunes a , Bruno Sousa a , Pedro Sousa a,b , Mário Vaz a,b , Pedro Moreira a International Conference on Structural Integrity An experimental evaluation of a vehicle’s center of gravity (CoG) height in motion Francisco Castro a,b * , Francisco Queirós de Melo a , David Faria a , Job Silva a , João Nunes a , Bruno Sousa a , Pedro Sousa a,b , Mário Vaz a,b , Pedro Moreira a a INEGI, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 400, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal b FEUP, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto 4200-465, Portugal Abstract A vehicle’s center of gravity (CoG ) height often changes in SUVs, military vehicles and heavy vehicles such as trucks or buses, due to load conditions variations. Since this parameter influences the dynamic behavior of vehicles, being considered the most important parameter for the occurrence of un-tripped rollovers, the accurate knowledge of CoG height is fundamental for the design and implementation of effective rollover prevention strategies and for improving the performance of active safety systems. Contrary to the longitudinal and late ral CoG position estimation, there isn’t any equipment that measures the CoG height position of a vehicle directly. Thus, the estimation of this parameter still remains a challenge due to the high computational burden and associated costs, despite the developments in the last 15 years. This study proposes two different approaches for estimating the vehicle’s CoG height in motion, by using a longitudinal dynamic model which relies on a braking maneuver and a roll dynamics approach that relies on a cornering maneuver. Both methods use vehicle characteristics which are easy to measure or can be provided by the manufacturers, and the other parameters can be obtained from sensors which can easily be installed on a vehicle. a INEGI, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 400, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal b FEUP, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto 4200-465, Portugal Abstract A vehicle’s center of gravity (CoG ) height often changes in SUVs, military vehicles and heavy vehicles such as trucks or buses, due to load conditions variations. Since this parameter influences the dynamic behavior of vehicles, being considered the most important parameter for the occurrence of un-tripped rollovers, the accurate knowledge of CoG height is fundamental for the design and implementation of effective rollover prevention strategies and for improving the performance of active safety systems. Contrary to the longitudinal and late ral CoG position estimation, there isn’t any equipment that measures the CoG height position of a vehicle directly. Thus, the estimation of this parameter still remains a challenge due to the high computational burden and associated costs, despite the developments in the last 15 years. This study proposes two different approaches for estimating the vehicle’s CoG height in motion, by using a longitudinal dynamic model which relies on a braking maneuver and a roll dynamics approach that relies on a cornering maneuver. Both methods use vehicle characteristics which are easy to measure or can be provided by the manufacturers, and the other parameters can be obtained from sensors which can easily be installed on a vehicle.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +351 967399896; tel.: +351 229578710. E-mail address: fcastro@inegi.up.pt

2452-3216 © 2026 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of ICSI organizers 10.1016/j.prostr.2026.01.077 2452-3216 © 2026 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of ICSI organizers 2452-3216 © 2026 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of ICSI organizers

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