Issue 76

H. Houri et alii, Fracture and Structural Integrity, 76 (2026) 238-264; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.76.15

14000

14000

12000

12000

10000

10000

4000 Perssing Force (N) 6000 8000

4000 Perssing Force (N) 6000 8000

φ = 15 ° φ = 30 ° φ = 45 ° φ = 60 °

φ = 15 ° φ = 30 ° φ = 45 ° φ = 60 °

2000

2000

0

0

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Time (s)

Time (s)

(c) L=40mm (d) L=50mm Figure 13: Variation of the pressing force for different channel angles in the case of the 105° 2-ECAE die.

The maximum punch force obtained from the numerical simulations for the different die geometries is summarized in Tab. 4. It can be observed that the maximum punch force increases as the second-channel corner angle decreases. Overall, the required force ranges between 10.7295 kN and 13.2554 kN across all configurations. Notably, the most homogeneous plastic strain distribution was achieved at a maximum pressing force of 13.2554 kN, corresponding to a channel length of L = 20 mm and a corner angle of φ = 15°. However, the reduced maximum pressing force (approximately 10.73 kN) was obtained for φ = 60° and L = 40 mm (see Tab. 4 and Fig. 14).

Maximum punch force required (kN)

L (mm)

20 30 40 50 20 30 40 50 20 30 40 50 20 30 40 50

13.2554 13.2489 13.2090 13.1520 11.9885 12.0265 11.9711 11.9382 11.2298 11.2240 11.1924 11.1540 10.7836 10.7751 10.7295 10.7383

φ =15°

φ =30°

φ =45°

φ =60°

Table 4: Numerical evolution of the punch force as a function of φ and L in the case of the 105° 2-ECAE die.

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