Issue 76

A.Abdulridha et alii, Fracture and Structural Integrity, 76 (2026) 129-153; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.76.09

primarily in replaceable friction dampers with minimal primary frame involvement. For 10-story buildings, hybrid achieves optimal damage concentration in dampers versus heavy column damage in bare frames, and in 15-story cases, hybrid continues protecting frame elements against severe column damage in bare frames and mixed brace/column damage in brace-only configurations. This consistent performance validates the hybrid approach as the optimal seismic design strategy.

Figure 15: The pushover patterns for 15-story steel buildings.

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