Issue 75

M. Velát et alii., Fracture and Structural Integrity, 75 (2026) 339-350; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.75.24

Diagnostics and experimental analysis of 3D printed concrete structural elements

Mat ě j Velát, Pavel Schmid, Petr Dan ě k, Richard Dvo ř ák, Kristýna Hrabová Brno University of Technology, Czechia

Matej.velat@vut.cz , https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8252-8002 Pavel.schmidt@vut.cz, http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8489-9452 Petr.danek@vut.cz, http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8489-9452 Richard.dvorak@vut.cz, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0024-2344 Kristyna.hrabova@vut.cz, http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2078-1898

Citation: Velát, M., Schmid, P., Dan ě k, P., Dvo ř ák, R., Hrabová, K., Diagnostics and experimental analysis of 3D printed concrete structural elementse, Fracture and Structural Integrity, 75 (2026) 339-350.

Received: 03.09.2025 Accepted: 17.10.2025 Published: 14.11.2025 Issue: 01.2026

Copyright: © 2026 This is an open access article under the terms of the CC-BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

K EYWORDS . 3D concrete printing (3DCP), Non-destructive testing (NDT), Mechanical properties, Anisotropy.

I NTRODUCTION

oncrete is the most widely used construction material worldwide, second only to water in overall consumption [6]. Its popularity results from a combination of high compressive strength, durability, and versatility, which make it fundamental to infrastructure development. Traditionally, structural concrete is produced either cast in place or precast. Precasting enables better quality control and material properties due to optimized curing and compaction, while cast-in-place techniques provide flexibility for large monolithic structures. When executed properly, both conventional methods yield relatively homogeneous material, supported by well-established design codes and standardised testing procedures (e.g., compressive strength tests of cylinders or cubes, modulus of rupture tests)[4]. Over the past decade, 3D concrete printing (3DCP) has emerged as an innovative construction method that fabricates structures digitally by extruding cementitious mortar or concrete layer by layer, eliminating the need for formwork. This C

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