PSI - Issue 74

Pavol Mikula et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 74 (2025) 56–61 Pavol Mikula / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 ( 2025) 000–000

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manufacturers to get the best design and performance from their final products. All grades are corrosive resistant, strong and lightweight. Let us shortly introduce them (see also the following table1): Grade 1 is the softest one, which makes it very formable. It offers a high ductility while still maintaining the necessary impact toughness. It is most often used e.g. in plates, tubing, piping, and other applications where a higher level of weldability and formability is required. Grade 2 is a slightly stronger that the Ti-Gr 1. It is still very mouldable, however, it has a higher tensile strength. It is also very widely available, more than other grades. Grade 3 less used than Ti-Gr 2. It is stronger than grades 1 and 2 having good weldability, and extremely high corrosion resistance. However, it is less mouldable than the other 2 grades, but the added strength and resistance make it a good choice for some design of products. Grade 4 is the strongest pure Ti-Gr 1, but it is also the least mouldable. Still, it has a good cold formability, and it has many medical and industrial uses because of its great strength, durability and weldability. Table 1. Composition of the individual grades Grade C N O H Fe Ti 1 0.08 0.03 0.18 0.015 0.2 Bal 2 0.08 0.03 0.25 0.015 0.3 Bal 3 0.08 0.05 0.35 0.015 0.3 Bal 4 0.08 0.05 0.40 0.015 0.5 Bal *All values are maximums unless a range is provided For the sake of comparison let us mention e.g. that the melting point of Ti-Gr 1 is 2316 °C and that of Ti-Gr 2 is 2760 °C. Round bars made of Ti-Gr 1 are more than twice as strong as regular steel round bars. They have been heat treated to boost their strength and hardness, making them much more durable than traditional round bars. However, despite being less expensive than Ti-Gr 1 round bars, Ti-Gr 2 round bars still have several advantages over other types of steel, such as carbon steel or stainless steel. It is slightly stronger than Ti-Gr 1. Titanium is a particularly durable metal that is utilized, namely, in the aerospace sector. Additionally, it is the metal that is also frequently utilized in the manufacture of cars and ships. Titanium has very important properties: very lightweight and corrosion resistant. 3. Conventional powder diffractometry First, according to the expectation of a texture in the deformed samples, conventional powder diffraction spectra were taken on three Ti-Gr 2 samples by the instrument schematically shown in Fig. 1: The initial one, the deformed

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Fig. 2. Conventional powder diffraction spectra taken on three chosen samples

one by 1 x C-E pressing and the deformed one by 1 x C-E + RS. For the measurements, the cylindrical samples were situated vertically on the sample axis. Inspection of the Fig. 2 clearly reveals how the individual reflections are influenced by the texture brought about by the severe plastic deformation applied on the second and third sample. 4. High-resolution three axis diffraction setting After a feasibility instrumental demonstration carried out by Vrána et al. (1994), recently, the high-resolution three-axis setting has been routinely used for experimental measurements. Following the schematic drawing shown in