PSI - Issue 73

Sushant Chaudhary et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 73 (2025) 19–26 Pratanu Ghosh / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2025) 000–000

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5. Conclusions Based on a comprehensive analysis of the maturity method for estimating the compressive strength of zeolite based high-performance concrete (HPC), the following conclusions can be drawn: • Validation : The maturity method is validated as a reliable tool for strength estimation of zeolite-based HPC, offering confidence in its application for quality control in sustainable construction practices. • Activation Energy : All binary and ternary mixtures' optimal activation energy values ranged between 34,000 J/mol and 39,000 J/mol. An average value of 37,500 J/mol was adopted for the maturity function calculations across all mixtures. • Datum Temperature : A datum temperature of 0 °C was optimal for all mixtures studied. • Maturity Functions : Both the Time-Temperature Factor (TTF) and Arrhenius maturity functions yielded strength predictions within a 20% margin of error across all mixtures for the logarithmic function. Overall, the Arrhenius function provided slightly better accuracy in strength estimation. • Strength Estimation Models : Hyperbolic and Exponential functions demonstrated strong estimation accuracy, producing almost identical strength-fitting curves. The exponential function was notably more precise, maintaining prediction errors within 10%. In contrast, the logarithmic function tended to overestimate strength at later ages, as the estimated values kept increasing with increasing maturity. • Future Work : Future studies could explore using variable curing temperatures to more accurately determine different mixtures' activation energy and datum temperature. This would help further validate the method's applicability in real-world construction environments, where temperature fluctuates. In summary, this research highlights the accuracy and the potential of the maturity method to be used as a dependable strength estimation tool for zeolite-based HPC. These findings have important implications for the broader adoption of sustainable concrete technologies, especially in regions rich in natural zeolite. Acknowledgements The authors thank the Undergraduate Research Opportunity Center (UROC) at CSUF for funding, Master Builders Solutions for admixture donations, and SCM suppliers for material contributions. References ASTM C1074-19, 2019. Standard Practice for Estimating Concrete Strength by the Maturity Method. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA Barnett, S.J., Soutsos, M.N., Millard, S.G., Bungey, J.H., 2006. Strength development of mortars containing ground granulated blast-furnace slag: Effect of curing temperature and determination of apparent activation energies. Cement and Concrete Research 36(3), 434-440. Brooks, J.J., 2007. Early-age properties of metakaolin concrete. Construction and Building Materials 21(4), 846-852. Byfors, J., 1980. Plain Concrete at Early Ages. Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute, Stockholm. Carino, N.J., 1982. Temperature Effects on the Strength-Maturity Relation of Mortar. NBSIR 81-2442, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. Carino, N.J., Tank, R.C., 1991. Maturity functions for concrete with various cements and admixtures. ACI Materials Journal 89(2), 188-196. Freiesleben Hansen, P., Pedersen, E.J., 1977. Maturity computer for controlled curing and hardening of concrete. Nordisk Betong 1, 19-34. Ganesan, Rajthilak, 2017. Influence of Water to Cement Ratio and Aggregate Size on Fresh Properties, Strength and Durability of Different High Performance Concrete Mixtures. Master's thesis, California State University, Fullerton. Liu, Z., Deng, Z., Davis, S. J., Giron, C., & Ciais, P. Global database of cement production assets and upstream suppliers. Sci. Data 10, 140, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02599-w McIntosh, J.D., 1949. Electrical Curing of Concrete. Magazine of Concrete Research 1(1), 21-28. Nagrockiene, D., Girskas, G., 2016. Research into the properties of concrete modified with natural zeolite addition. Construction and Building Materials 113, 964–969. Nurse, R.W., 1949. Steam Curing of Concrete. Magazine of Concrete Research 1(2), 79-88. Saul, A.G.A., 1951. Principles Underlying the Steam Curing of Concrete at Atmospheric Pressure. Magazine of Concrete Research 2(6), 127-140 Tran, Y.T., Lee, J., Kumar, P., Kim, K.H., Lee, S.S., 2019. Natural zeolite and its application in concrete composite production. Composites Part B: Engineering 165, 354–364. Tran, Q. ,2015. Investigation of durability and compressive strength of HPC mixtures and modeling the corrosion initiation time through the electrical resistivity (Master's thesis). California State University, Fullerton. Wade, S.M., Schindler, A.K., Baxter, S.T., 2010. Maturity methods applied to concrete pavement strength determination. Construction and Building Materials 24(6), 958-967.