Issue 73

M. Ravikumar, Fracture and Structural Integrity, 73 (2025) 219-235; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.73.15

Figure 7: Interactions plot of Wear loss.

Figure 8: Interactions plot of COF. Figs. 9 and 10 show the normal probability plots for wear loss and COF reveal errors that are uniformly distributed and have residuals that lie inside a straight line. This implies that the residuals are more uniformly distributed and have a better fit. In the meanwhile, the points are allegedly close to a straight line, and the collected data indicates no deviation. A non linear relationship is typically indicated by the random pattern seen in the residual vs. fitted value charts. The residuals plots show that neither side of the zero line on the residual v/s. order plot shows clear pattern that would suggest a significant influence on the order of data collection. It is also shown that the residual points on either side of the zero line are evenly spaced, which often indicates that the residual density is about the same. The standardized residual histogram plot in this investigation exhibits little skewness and no outliers. Furthermore, residuals from the minimum to maximum range are displayed in the data, demonstrating the high accuracy of the conclusions [23].

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