Issue 72

M. K. Qate’a et alii, Fracture and Structural Integrity, 72 (2025) 102-120; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.72.08

average void size with fracture depth average void size with wall angle

average void size with fracture depth average void size with wall angle

39

65 67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81

34

73

37

31

35

66

28

Wall Angle, °

Wall Angle , ° 31 33

25

59

22

52

29

19

Fracture Depth, mm

Fracture Depth, mm

16

45

27

0,4

0,7

1

1,3

1,6

1,9

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

Average Void Size, μ m

Average Void Size, μ m

(a) (b) Figure 9: The relationship between the average void size and the formability of the specimens of (a) CuZn37 (b) Al 1100. Classification of the Formed Voids From the ImageJ software and as previously illustrated in Tabs. 5 and 6, the average void size has been calculated, and the classification of voids that formed during the forming process has been identified for all the specimens of both ductile materials as follows: For the specimens of brass CuZn37, in the specimen 1, the average void size is 1.23 μ m, where the count of voids is 1128, and the maximum and minimum void sizes are 315.2 μ m and 0.011 μ m, respectively. In specimen 2, the average void size is 0.44 μ m, where the count of voids is 1157, and the maximum and minimum void sizes are 38.08 μ m and 0.005 μ m, respectively. In specimen 3, the average void size is 1.69 μ m, where the count of voids is 813, and the maximum and minimum void sizes are 149.7 μ m and 0.005 μ m, respectively. In specimen 4, the average void size is 0.51 μ m, where the count of voids is 51, and the maximum and minimum void sizes are 4.35 μ m and 0.085 μ m, respectively. In specimen 5, the average void size is 1.37 μ m, where the count of voids is 402, and the maximum and minimum void sizes are 25.9 μ m and 0.071 μ m, respectively. Fig. 10 depicts the five largest void sizes for each specimen of brass CuZn37. This work has classified the sizes of these voids into five sizes, ranging from very small to very large, according to the classification given below and Tab. 7 illustrates the classification of the voids in each specimen. 0 – 1 μ m very small 1 – 10 μ m small 10 – 40 μ m medium 40 – 75 μ m large >=75 μ m very large For the specimens of aluminum 1100, in the specimen 6, the average void size is 2.08 μ m, where the count of voids is 258, and the maximum and minimum void sizes are 44.98 μ m and 0.021 μ m, respectively. In specimen 7, the average void size is 1.25 μ m, where the count of voids is 626, and the maximum and minimum void sizes are 102.8 μ m and 0.019 μ m, respectively. In specimen 8, the average void size is 1.33 μ m, where the count of voids is 93, and the maximum and minimum void sizes are 27 μ m and 0.007 μ m, respectively. In specimen 9, the average void size is 2.39 μ m, where the count of voids is 49, and the maximum and minimum void sizes are 15.35 μ m and 0.255 μ m, respectively. In specimen 10, the average void size is 0.69 μ m, where the count of voids is 200, and the maximum and minimum void sizes are 43.7 μ m and 0.008 μ m, respectively. Fig. 11 depicts the five largest void sizes for each specimen of aluminum 1100, and Tab. 8 illustrates the classification of the voids in each specimen.

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