PSI - Issue 71

Deepak Kumar et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 71 (2025) 380–387

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Fig. 6: CFSC laminate for 7 kg mass (a) absorbed energy vs time (b) force reaction vs time.

Gravitational forces are taken into account for the impactor's inertial effects, and the impactor is dropped from a height of 350 mm. The impactor movement is confined to the z-axis, with restrictions in the x and y directions with the help of rigid body constraint. The plate is securely clamped on all four edges. The interaction between the plate and impactor is considered frictionless. The total simulation duration for each scenario is 0.005 seconds. The impactor is modeled as an analytical rigid body and is meshed with eight-node solid hexahedral elements. Every layer of the 6 different laminate configurations considered in the present work is meshed by four-node shell quadrilateral elements. A global element size of 3 mm is used in the model and the mesh consists of 2050 nodes and 1866 elements. 4.2. Results and discussion of LVI analysis according to ASTM standards In the case of LVI analysis performed as per the ASTM standards, the composite laminates are subjected to an impact velocity of 2.62 m/s. During the simulation process, the force-time and energy-time history curves are recorded as given in Table 7. CFSC has highest energy absorption capacity of 17.89 J followed closely by CFFC at 17.8 J and CSSC at 17.7 J. Then follows CCCC with energy absorption capability of 17.51 J and then comes to natural fiber laminates FFFF and SSSS with 15.49 J and 3.727 J, respectively. It means all hybridized laminates are showing good energy absorption capabilities. In case of peak force reaction CCCC laminate configuration has highest value of 11334 N followed by CFFC at 11063 N. After that CFSC has the value of 9500.5 N, then followed by CSSC with 7807.2 N and then natural fiber laminates FFFF and SSSS with 2665.6 N and 771 N, respectively.

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Fig. 7: All laminates (a) energy absorption curves (b) force reaction curves.