Issue 71

A. Anjum et alii, Fracture and Structural Integrity, 71 (2025) 164-181; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.71.12

This overview of common civil structures underscores the diversity and complexity of the field, highlighting the continuous advancements in materials, design methodologies, and optimization techniques to enhance the performance and durability of these vital civil structures (Fig. 2).

Figure 2: Classification and practical applications of civil engineering structures.

Tab. 1 illustrates the civil structures conditions and composite of materials for a particular application and analysis which were done using optimization techniques.

Damaged/Healthy Condition

Material Used

Structure

Reference Application

Other Important Facts

Hybrid GBRT with GridSearchCV; high prediction accuracy with R² = 0.9612 Uses Random Forest (RF) and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost); helps allocate budgets efficiently

Predicting compressive strength (CS)

Concrete components

[1]

Healthy

Concrete

Predicting bridge deck conditions

Composite concrete

Bridges

[10]

Healthy

Diagnosing causes of distress and repairs Monitoring failure modes Estimating ultimate axial strain of FRP confined concrete Assessing dynamic decision-making capabilities

Uses decision support system for repair management

Marine concrete structures

[11]

Damaged

Composites

CFRP strengthened concrete structures

Uses acoustic emission for monitoring

[12]

Damaged

CFRP

Concrete cylinders

Uses explicit and implicit algorithms

[13]

Healthy

FRP

Uses digital twin framework; tests with high-fidelity simulation data with Gaussian noise

Cantilever beam and railway bridge

[14]

Healthy

Metal type

Table 1: Structures information and its conditions.

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