Issue 69

K. J. Anand et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 69 (2024) 29-42; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.69.03

Optimization of clamshell content for improved properties in bamboo-epoxy composites

K. J. Anand, Thippeswamy Ekbote Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Davanagere-577004, India

anandkj.dsn@gmail.com. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1999-8977 tekbote06biet@gmail.com. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8192-7518

Citation: Anand, K. J., Ekbote, T., Optimization of clamshell content for improved properties in bamboo-epoxy composites, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 69 (2024) 29-42.

Received: 05.03.2024 Accepted: 09.04.2024 Published: 17.04.2024 Issue: 07.2024

Copyright: © 2024 This is an open access article under the terms of the CC-BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

K EYWORDS . Seashell waste, Clamshell, Bamboo fibre, Mechanical Properties.

I NTRODUCTION

olymer composites reinforced with glass and carbon fibers have been extensively utilized in many different sectors and demand for them has increased significantly in recent years. The usage volume of FRP composites in 2021 was estimated to be 12.1 million tons, with an estimated production value of USD 100 billion [1]. However, increasing demand and production of these materials have raised concerns regarding resource depletion, energy consumption, waste generation, and sustainability. The projected energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions per kilogram of glass fiber production are roughly 48.5 MJ and 2.04 kg, respectively [2]. Furthermore, only a small portion of FRP composite wastes get recycled and the majority of the waste is either burned or deposited in landfills, thus contributing to environmental contamination and harming the ecosystem [3]. This significant adverse influence stemming from the manufacturing and disposal of polymer composites on the environment has prompted the scientific community to explore eco-friendly materials that are derived fully or partially from renewable sources. This has led to the development of eco-friendly bio based matrices and natural fibre composites owing to their sustainability, renewability, and bio-degradability [4]. Studies have demonstrated that proteins sourced from food and polysaccharides sourced from plants can be harnessed to develop P

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