PSI - Issue 68

Tamás Fekete et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 68 (2025) 915–921 T. Fekete / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2025) 000–000

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2. Basics of the new concept 2.1. General considerations

The improvement of living conditions in today’s technologically advanced societies has been accelerated by the increasing number of professionals working in the world of scientific and technological R & D since the beginning of the first industrial revolution, i.e. over the last two centuries or so – Simonyi (2012 1). These professionals are skilled in their respective fields. However, they often have a narrow scope of expertise. This is largely because, since the birth of modern science, the development of both the basic sciences and engineering have tended to be discipline driven. The characteristic features of the disciplinary approach are as follows: (1) its practitioners consider their scientific or professional field of activity as separate from that of other disciplines; (2) historical and (3) philosophical aspects are almost completely excluded from professional activity – Primas (1983 IX.), Cellucci (2017 17.). As a result of the widespread diffusion of the disciplinary worldview, both the natural sciences and other areas of human culture have become highly compartmentalized – Primas (1983 IX, 3.). This means that ‘walls’ have been formed between both the basic and engineering sciences and the practical professions, leading to a fragmented state of disciplines and professions – see Primas (1983 3.). This high degree of compartmentalization has made communication between representatives of different disciplines very difficult. Experts approach representatives of different disciplines with completely different tacit knowledge and interpret words and concepts in significantly different ways, simply because of their prior learning history – Polanyi (1962). In recent decades, industrial technologies, their products and societies have become increasingly complex, largely as a result of the new technologies offered by the rapid development of IT . In this new context, new technical, social and increasingly serious environmental problems are constantly emerging. Projects designed to solve these problems are increasingly complex, and experience shows that project designers systematically underestimate the problems they will face – Rousseau (2017, 2018). For example, the Olkiluoto-3 NPP construction project in Finland also faced many technical problems, schedule and cost overruns. The originally planned construction time of ≈4 years was extended to 18 years, and the final cost of the project was ≈3.5 times the planned budget. One of the main reasons for the problems was that most scientists and engineers were raised in a disciplinary paradigm and practice their profession within a disciplinary worldview – Rousseau (2017, 2018). In contrast to the disciplinary approach to human culture, K. Simonyi argues that ‘ Human culture is a single unified ’ entity. The question of ‘ how its significant elements are… selected, appropriated, and transmitted ’ is one that only arises for those who consume culture – Simonyi (2012, 1.). His monograph ‘ A Cultural History of Physics ’ shows, supported by historical documents, how the modern natural sciences –above all physics– have developed to their present level of maturation over the millennia of human history, and how the development of the natural sciences has been influenced by ideas, worldviews and philosophical considerations originating outside the natural sciences – Simonyi (2012, 1–580.). Based on the monograph, it can be concluded that it is correct and appropriate to interpret human culture as a unified, time-evolving system based on a holistic worldview, because in this way interrelationships can be revealed and interpreted that the disciplinary worldview simply ignores, because it does not even question their existence. 2.2. Moving to a Holistic Approach: A Conceptual Shift in worldview H. Primas in his book ‘ Knowledge and Time ’ – Primas (2017) – argues in detail that nature is essentially an undivided whole, whose decomposition is not given a priori but is introduced by the investigators according to the purpose of their investigation. This is what he calls a holistic worldview – Primas (2017 9., 69., 93., 120–127.). According to Primas (2017 9), Quantum Theory ( QT ) can be considered the first logically and mathematically consistent holistic theory supported by experimental evidence. One of the key concepts in the holistic worldview is entanglement , which first appeared in QT – Schrödinger (1935); Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen (1935), and for a long time was used only in QT . However, more recent research has shown that the concept of entanglement can be used in other fields of science beyond QT – see e.g. Walach, Römer (2011). Theoretical models that incorporate entanglement are based on complex mathematical machinery, but the philosophical foundations of entanglement are quite simple. According to Wilczek (2016), entanglement is said to