PSI - Issue 67

Dan Huang et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 67 (2025) 61–79 Huang, D., Velay-Lizancos, M., Olek, J./ Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2024) 000–000

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temperatures: (a) room temperature (23°C) and (b) low temperature (4°C), were selected to simulate the different environmental conditions in the field. 2. Sample Preparations 2.1. Materials ASTM C150M-20 (ASTM C150-20, 2018) Type I ordinary portland cement (purchased from Buzzi Unicem USA) was used in this study. The chemical composition of this cement is provided in Table 1. The particle size distribution of this cement was obtained using the PSA 1090 series, Anton Paar, Austria, and is presented in Fig. 1.

Table 1. The chemical composition of Type I portland cement used in this study. Oxide/Phase, wt. % Type I OPC Silicon dioxide/SiO 2 19.55 Aluminum oxide/Al 2 O 3 5.22 Iron oxide/Fe 2 O 3 2.74 Calcium oxide/CaO 62.91 Magnesium oxide/MagO 2.94 Sulfur oxide/SO 3 3.22 Sodium oxide/Na 2 O 0.69 Loss of ignition, % 2.25

Fig. 1. Particle size distribution of Type I portland cement used in the study.

Crushed limestone was used as coarse aggregate, and natural siliceous sand was used as fine aggregate. The gradation curves of both aggregates are shown in Fig. 2, and their physical properties are presented in Table 2. The gradations of both of these aggregates met the requirements of section 900 of the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) standard specifications for, respectively, #23 fine and #8 coarse aggregates (Division of Construction Management, 2020). All concrete mixtures were air-entrained using the MasterAir AE200 air entraining agent. High-range water-reducing admixture (HRWR, MasterGlenium 7700) was used during mixing to