Issue 67

Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 67 (2024); International Journal of the Italian Group of Fracture

Table of Contents

A. Kostina, M. Zhelnin, A. Vedernikova, M. Bartolomei, S. Swaroop https://youtu.be/s3T_14_pyVA

Finite-element simulation of residual stresses induced by laser shock peening in TC4 samples structurally similar to a turbine blade …………………………………………………... 1-11 Sa. Sahu. S. P. Jena https://youtu.be/5tBRw66kjO0 Fault detection in beam structure using adaptive immune based approach ………………..…... 12-23 S. S. E. Ahmad, G. M.A. Gamiaa, A. E.-M. I. El-Kholy https://youtu.be/g73i3r-AZy4 The effect of beam width and crack-depth ratio on mode I fracture toughness of RCB: an experimental and numerical study …………………………………………...………… 24-42 H. S. Vishwanatha, S. Muralidhara, B. K. Raghu Prasad https://youtu.be/8z_9zwZqgYE Fracture simulation of concrete beams to assess softening behavior by varying different fractions of aggregates …………………………………………………………………………... 43-57 F. Djamel, B. Salma, T. Thileli, B. Karim, K. M. Said, L. Jia, B. Youcef https://youtu.be/LTHnBX_KJWY Compressive study on recycled concrete: experiment and numerical homogenization modelling ........ 58-79 B. O. Mawlood, S. I. Khaleel, A. H. Mohammad https://youtu.be/xGg-nfBCN6Y Effect of granular waste compact disc on bond strength between steel bars and surrounding concrete 80-93 I. Mawardi, H. Razak, Z. Akadir, R. P. Jaya https://youtu.be/mrsKqdDQj4g The effect of containing Al 2 O 3 microparticles in different matrix polymers on properties of pineapple fiber-reinforced composites ………............................................................................... 94-107 R. I. Izyumov, A. L. Svistkov, V. S. Chudinov, I. V. Osorgina, A. G. Pelevin https://youtu.be/lnMZx60I6QQ Crack resistance of carbonized layer of multilayer polyurethane with nanofillers. Combination of casting, solution, carbonization by ion implantation technologies …………………………… 108-117

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Fracture and Structural Integrity, 67 (2024); ISSN 1971-9883

A. Namdar, O. Mughieda, T. H. A. B. M. Yasin, F. Azhar https://youtu.be/z4GYgk-jkcA Impact of earthquake’s epicenter distance on the failure of the embankment – A seismic prediction 118-136 Abdul Aabid, M. Hrairi, J. S. Mohamed Ali https://youtu.be/E906zcBZzqw Optimization of damage repair with piezoelectric actuators using the Taguchi method …………. 137-152 A.Chiocca, M. Sgamma, F. Frendo, F. Bucchi, G. Marulo https://youtu.be/BRsGKtSNYOE Fatigue assessment of a FSAE car rear upright by a closed form solution of the critical plane method ………………………………………………………….………………….. 153-162 S. Verenkar, I. Sridhar, V. S. Uppin, P. S. Shivakumar Gouda https://youtu.be/3o2HfBx2ueY Experimental and numerical study on vibration-based damage detection and localisation in laminated composite plates ………………………………………………......….……... 163-175 S. Chinchanikar, M. Gadge https://youtu.be/Sxf2UKVbj2g Investigations on tool wear behavior in turning AISI 304 stainless steel: An empirical and neural network modeling approach …………………………………………………………… 176-191 F. Gugouch, M. Meknassi, M. Elghorba, A. Wahid, H. Mouradi, B. Hassan, A. Maziri https://youtu.be/JOZfStliYBA Study of defects influence on chlorinated polyvinyl chloride pipes damage and analysis of their fracture …….............................................................................................................................. 192-204 M. Selim, M. E. Kamel, E. Elshamy, M. Emara https://youtu.be/w_nX7kl_MUs Effect of pre-tensioning force on behavior of Buckling Restrained Brace (BRB) supported by double pre-tensioning system ……………………………………………………....….... 205-216 V. Oborin, A. Balakhnin, O. Naimark, Y. Gornostyrev, V. Pushin, N. Kuranova, D. Rasposienko, A. Svirid, A. Uksusnikov https://youtu.be/q1bC-G6cAdE Damage-failure transition in titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V under dwell fatigue loads …………… 217-230 C. Bellini, V. Di Cocco, F. Iacoviello, L. P. Mocanu, F. Berto https://youtu.be/S1y3_MLw85g Material choice to optimise the performance index of isogrid structures ………………….…… 231-239 H. M. F. Mostafa, A. A. Mahmoud, T. S. Mostafa, A. N. M. Khater https://youtu.be/A2V-UozoHM4 Performance of reinforced concrete flat slabs having GFRP gratings ……….…………….….. 240-258

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Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 67 (2024); International Journal of the Italian Group of Fracture

T . Dibirov, A . Drobyshev, E . Kharazyan, N . Redko, E . Pankov, A. Kozulin, S. Panin, S. Arutyunov https://youtu.be/q4H_3EGaGzA Computer simulation of stress-strain states in zygomatic bones after complex installation of implants …………………………………………………………………………… 259-279 D. Scorza, A. Carpinteri, C. Ronchei, A. Zanichelli, S. Vantadori, R. Luciano https://youtu.be/_vSTkpBKmQQ A nonlocal elasticity theory to model the static behaviour of edge-cracked nanobeams ………….. 280-291 A. Zamrawi, A. E.-K. Shoeib, A. Ibrahim, S. M. Ahmed https://youtu.be/-u5nYQBCFRk Experimental work of effect of openings on the post-tensioned flat slab ……………………… 292-310 B.N. Fedulov, D.A. Bondarchuk, E.V. Lomakin https://youtu.be/TeUD4BW91aI Longitudinal elastic nonlinearity of composite material …………….……………………… 311-318 M. A. Nasser, A. A. Mahmoud, T. S. Mustafa, A. N. M. Khater https://youtu.be/HkuW2KjuRr0 Retrofitting of box section concrete beams to resist shear and torsion using Near-Surface-Mount (NSM) GFRP Stirrups …………….……………………………..………………… 319-336 M. Jeli ć , A. Sedmak, B. Foli ć , S. Sedmak, M. Arandjelovi ć , R. Foli ć , D. Radu https://youtu.be/oJxbwv63j34 Structural integrity analysis of the pre-stressed concrete dome of the Belgrade fair hall 1……….... 337-351

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Fracture and Structural Integrity, 67 (2024); ISSN 1971-9883

Editorial Team

Editor-in-Chief Francesco Iacoviello

(Università di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale, Italy)

Co-Editor in Chief Filippo Berto

(Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Italy; Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway)

Sabrina Vantadori

(Università di Parma, Italy)

Jianying He

(Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway)

Section Editors Sara Bagherifard Vittorio Di Cocco Stavros Kourkoulis

(Politecnico di Milano, Italy)

(Università di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale, Italy) (National Technical University of Athens, Greece) (National Technical University of Athens, Greece)

Ermioni Pasiou

(Perm federal research center Ural Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation)

Oleg Plekhov

Ł ukasz Sadowski Daniela Scorza

(Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland)

(Università di Parma, Italy)

Advisory Editorial Board Harm Askes

(University of Sheffield, Italy) (Tel Aviv University, Israel) (Politecnico di Torino, Italy) (Università di Parma, Italy) (Politecnico di Torino, Italy) (Politecnico di Torino, Italy)

Leslie Banks-Sills Alberto Carpinteri Andrea Carpinteri Giuseppe Ferro Youshi Hong M. Neil James Gary Marquis Liviu Marsavina Thierry Palin-Luc Robert O. Ritchie Yu Shou-Wen Darrell F. Socie Ramesh Talreja David Taylor Cetin Morris Sonsino Donato Firrao Emmanuel Gdoutos Ashok Saxena Aleksandar Sedmak

(Democritus University of Thrace, Greece) (Chinese Academy of Sciences, China)

(University of Plymouth, UK)

(Helsinki University of Technology, Finland)

(University Politehnica Timisoara, Department of Mechanics and Strength of Materials, Romania) (Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Arts et Métiers | ENSAM · Institute of Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering (I2M) – Bordeaux, France)

(University of California, USA)

(Galgotias University, Greater Noida, UP, India; University of Arkansas, USA)

(University of Belgrade, Serbia)

(Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, China)

(University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA)

(Fraunhofer LBF, Germany) (Texas A&M University, USA) (University of Dublin, Ireland)

John Yates

(The Engineering Integrity Society; Sheffield Fracture Mechanics, UK)

Regional Editorial Board Nicola Bonora

(Università di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale, Italy)

Raj Das

(RMIT University, Aerospace and Aviation department, Australia)

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Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 67 (2024); International Journal of the Italian Group of Fracture

Dorota Koca ń da Stavros Kourkoulis Carlo Mapelli Liviu Marsavina

(Military University of Technology, Poland) (National Technical University of Athens, Greece)

(Politecnico di Milano, Italy)

(University of Timisoara, Romania) (Tecnun Universidad de Navarra, Spain)

Antonio Martin-Meizoso Mohammed Hadj Meliani

(LPTPM , Hassiba Benbouali University of Chlef. Algeria) (Indian Institute of Technology/Madras in Chennai, India)

Raghu Prakash

Luis Reis Elio Sacco

(Instituto Superior Técnico, Portugal) (Università di Napoli "Federico II", Italy) (University of Belgrade, Serbia) (Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel)

Aleksandar Sedmak

Dov Sherman Karel Sláme č ka

(Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic) (Middle East Technical University (METU), Turkey)

Tuncay Yalcinkaya

Editorial Board Jafar Albinmousa Mohammad Azadi Nagamani Jaya Balila

(King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Saudi Arabia) ( Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Semnan University, Iran) (Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India) (Università di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale, Italy) (Institute of sciences, Tipaza University center, Algeria) (GM Institute of Technology, Dept. Of Mechanical Engg., India)

Costanzo Bellini

Oussama Benaimeche

K. N. Bharath

Alfonso Fernández-Canteli

(University of Oviedo, Spain) (University of Mascara, Algeria)

Bahri Ould Chikh

Angélica Bordin Colpo

(Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil)

Mauro Corrado

(Politecnico di Torino, Italy)

Dan Mihai Constantinescu

(University Politehnica of Bucharest, Romania)

Abílio de Jesus

(University of Porto, Portugal) (Università della Calabria, Italy) (University of Belgrade, Serbia)

Umberto De Maio

Milos Djukic

Andrei Dumitrescu

(Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, Romania)

Devid Falliano

(Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale, Edile e Geotecnica, Politecnico di Torino, Italy)

Leandro Ferreira Friedrich

(Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Brazil) (Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain) (Université-MCM- Souk Ahras, Algeria) (Middle East Technical University, Turkey) (Hassiba Benbouali University of Chlef, Algeria) (Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Italy)

Eugenio Giner

Abdelmoumene Guedri

Ercan Gürses

Abdelkader Hocine Daniela Iacoviello

Ali Javili

(Bilkent University, Turkey) (University of Piraeus, Greece) (Federal University of Pampa, Brazil)

Dimitris Karalekas

Luis Eduardo Kosteski

Sergiy Kotrechko Grzegorz Lesiuk

(G.V. Kurdyumov Institute for Metal Physics, N.A.S. of Ukraine, Ukraine)

(Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland)

Qingchao Li Paolo Lonetti

(Henan Polytechnic University, China)

(Università della Calabria, Italy)

Tomasz Machniewicz

(AGH University of Science and Technology) (Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy)

Erica Magagnini Carmine Maletta

(Università della Calabria, Italy) (Università Roma Tre, Italy) (University of Porto, Portugal) (University of Porto, Portugal) (University of Bristol, UK)

Sonia Marfia

Lucas Filipe Martins da Silva

Pedro Moreira

Mahmoud Mostafavi Vasile Nastasescu

(Military Technical Academy, Bucharest; Technical Science Academy of Romania)

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Fracture and Structural Integrity, 67 (2024); ISSN 1971-9883

Stefano Natali Pavlos Nomikos

(Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Italy)

(National Technical University of Athens, Greece)

(Karpenko Physico-Mechanical Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine)

Hryhoriy Nykyforchyn

Marco Paggi

(IMT Institute for Advanced Studies Lucca, Italy)

Arturo Pascuzzo

(Università della Calabria, Italy)

Hiralal Patil

(GIDC Degree Engineering College, Abrama-Navsari, Gujarat, India)

Alessandro Pirondi Andrea Pranno Zoran Radakovi ć D. Mallikarjuna Reddy

(Università di Parma, Italy) (Università della Calabria)

(University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Serbia) (School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, India)

Luciana Restuccia Mauro Ricotta Camilla Ronchei

(Politecnico di Torino, Italy) (Università di Padova, Italy) (Università di Parma, Italy)

Hossam El-Din M. Sallam

(Jazan University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia) (Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Italy)

Pietro Salvini Mauro Sassu

(University of Cagliari, Italy)

Dariusz Skibicki Marta S ł owik Andrea Spagnoli Cihan Teko ğ lu Dimos Triantis Andrea Tridello

(UTP University of Science and Technology, Poland)

(Lublin University of Technology, Poland)

(Università di Parma, Italy)

(TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey)

(University of West Attica, Greece) (Politecnico di Torino, Italy) (Università di Pisa, Italy) (Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia) (Kettering University, Michigan,USA)

Paolo Sebastiano Valvo Cristian Vendittozzi

Charles V. White Andrea Zanichelli Shun-Peng Zhu

(Università di Parma, Italy)

(University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China)

Special Issue

Russian mechanics contributions for Structural Integrity

(Mechanical Engineering Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia) (Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics of the Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Russia)

Valerii Pavlovich Matveenko

Oleg Plekhov

IGF27 - 27th International Conference on Fracture and Structural Integrity

Special Issue

Sabrina Vantadori Daniela Scorza Enrico Salvati Giulia Morettini Costanzo Bellini

(Università di Parma, Italy) (Università di Parma, Italy) Università di Udine (Italy) (Università di Perugia, Italy)

(Università di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale, Italy)

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Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 67 (2024); International Journal of the Italian Group of Fracture

Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale is an Open Access journal affiliated with ESIS

Sister Associations help the journal managing Algeria: Algerian Association on Fracture Mechanics and Energy -AGFME Australia: Australian Fracture Group – AFG Czech Rep.: Asociace Strojních Inženýr ů (Association of Mechanical Engineers) Greece: Greek Society of Experimental Mechanics of Materials - GSEMM India: Indian Structural Integrity Society - InSIS Israel: Israel Structural Integrity Group - ISIG Italy: Associazione Italiana di Metallurgia - AIM Italy: Associazione Italiana di Meccanica Teorica ed Applicata - AIMETA Italy:

Società Scientifica Italiana di Progettazione Meccanica e Costruzione di Macchine - AIAS Group of Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics of Materials and Structures

Poland: Portugal:

Portuguese Structural Integrity Society - APFIE Romania: Asociatia Romana de Mecanica Ruperii - ARMR Serbia:

Structural Integrity and Life Society "Prof. Stojan Sedmak" - DIVK Grupo Espanol de Fractura - Sociedad Espanola de Integridad Estructural – GEF

Spain: Turkey: Ukraine:

Turkish Solid Mechanics Group

Ukrainian Society on Fracture Mechanics of Materials (USFMM)

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Fracture and Structural Integrity, 67 (2024); ISSN 1971-9883

Journal description and aims Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale (Fracture and Structural Integrity) is the official Journal of the Italian Group of Fracture. It is an open-access Journal published on-line every three months (January, April, July, October). Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale encompasses the broad topic of structural integrity, which is based on the mechanics of fatigue and fracture and is concerned with the reliability and effectiveness of structural components. The aim of the Journal is to promote works and researches on fracture phenomena, as well as the development of new materials and new standards for structural integrity assessment. The Journal is interdisciplinary and accepts contributions from engineers, metallurgists, materials scientists, physicists, chemists, and mathematicians. Contributions Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale is a medium for rapid dissemination of original analytical, numerical and experimental contributions on fracture mechanics and structural integrity. Research works which provide improved understanding of the fracture behaviour of conventional and innovative engineering material systems are welcome. Technical notes, letters and review papers may also be accepted depending on their quality. Special issues containing full-length papers presented during selected conferences or symposia are also solicited by the Editorial Board. Manuscript submission Manuscripts have to be written using a standard word file without any specific format and submitted via e-mail to gruppofrattura@gmail.com. Papers should be written in English. A confirmation of reception will be sent within 48 hours. The review and the on-line publication process will be concluded within three months from the date of submission. Peer review process Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale adopts a single blind reviewing procedure. The Editor in Chief receives the manuscript and, considering the paper’s main topics, the paper is remitted to a panel of referees involved in those research areas. They can be either external or members of the Editorial Board. Each paper is reviewed by two referees. After evaluation, the referees produce reports about the paper, by which the paper can be: a) accepted without modifications; the Editor in Chief forwards to the corresponding author the result of the reviewing process and the paper is directly submitted to the publishing procedure; b) accepted with minor modifications or corrections (a second review process of the modified paper is not mandatory); the Editor in Chief returns the manuscript to the corresponding author, together with the referees’ reports and all the suggestions, recommendations and comments therein. c) accepted with major modifications or corrections (a second review process of the modified paper is mandatory); the Editor in Chief returns the manuscript to the corresponding author, together with the referees’ reports and all the suggestions, recommendations and comments therein. d) rejected. The final decision concerning the papers publication belongs to the Editor in Chief and to the Associate Editors. The reviewing process is usually completed within three months. The paper is published in the first issue that is available after the end of the reviewing process.

Publisher Gruppo Italiano Frattura (IGF) http://www.gruppofrattura.it ISSN 1971-8993 Reg. Trib. di Cassino n. 729/07, 30/07/2007

Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale (Fracture and Structural Integrity) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

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Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 67 (2024); International Journal of the Italian Group of Fracture

FIS news

D

ear friends, after obtaining the WoS Impact Factor, the number of submissions increased dramatically. Therefore, it was necessary to re-organize the Journal structure. First of all, we defined new Sections. The updated list is now the following: 1) Analytical, computational and physical models; 2) Damage mechanics; 3) Environmentally assisted fracture; 4) Failure analysis and forensic engineering; 5) Fatigue and fracture of metallic alloys; 6) Fatigue and fracture of non-metallic materials; 7) Integrity of materials and structures. Then, a new Section Editors team has been activated and we also renewed the Editorial Board. With this little “revolution” we hope we will be able to reduce the reviewing times and further improve the journal quality. Finally, as you can see in the papers published in this issue, we also modified the papers layout, increasing the visibility of the Visual Abstract. Now, the written version of the abstract is still available in the paper web page, but in the pdf there is a direct link to the Visual Abstract. This new layout has nice consequences on the browsable version of the journal, and we hope you will appreciate this new approach! We are grateful for the activity of all the Sections Editors and all the Editorial Board members who helped the journal up to the last issue … without their help and their time it would have been impossible to achieve the great results we obtained up to now! I wish to remember the next IGF event: The 8th International Conference on Crack Paths (CP2024) . The Conference will be held in Rimini (Italy) and online in September 10-12, 2024 (https://www.crackpaths.org). This Conference follows the Conferences in Parma in 2003 and 2006, Vicenza in 2009, Gaeta in 2012, Ferrara in 2015, Verona in 2018 and online in 2021. Members of different industrial laboratories and scientists from all over the world are invited to contribute with presentations on any of the following topics (in the case of both static and fatigue loading): - Experimental Determination of CP - Theoretical Prediction of CP - Integrity Assessments based on CP Evaluation - Microscopic Aspects of CP - CP of Surface Cracks - CP of Short Cracks - Effect of Large Scale Yielding on CP - Effect of Material Inhomogeneities on CP - Effect of Non-Proportional Cyclic Loading on CP - Effect of Environmental Conditions on CP - CP in Advanced Materials - Laboratory Methods of Controlling CP - In-Service Inspection of CP - Application of CP Concepts and Data in Design - CP in Additive Manufacturing Processes - Industrial Application of CP Concepts and Data

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Fracture and Structural Integrity, 67 (2024); ISSN 1971-9883

The deadlines are: -

Always open : Registration

- 01.10.2023 to 31.12.2023 : Symposia proposal - 01.01.2024 to 15.06.2024 : Abstracts submission - 15.06.2024 : Acceptance notification - 15.08.2024 : Early bird registration and payment - 10.09.2024 to 12.09.2024: Conference - 30.09.2024 : Papers submission (after the Conference) - 15.10.2024 : Papers acceptance

Francesco Iacoviello Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale Editor in Chief

P.S. Don’t forget to join the new discussion platform we recently activated… the FIS BLOG: https://fisfracture.blogspot.com/

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A. Kostina et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 67 (2024) 1-11; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.67.01

Finite-element simulation of residual stresses induced by laser shock peening in TC4 samples structurally similar to a turbine blade

A. Kostina, M. Zhelnin, A. Vedernikova, M. Bartolomei Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics of the Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Science (ICMM UB RAS), Russia

kostina@icmm.ru, http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5721-3301 zhelnin.m@icmm.ru, http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4498-450X terekhina.a@icmm.ru, http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1069-7887 bartolomei.m@icmm.ru, http://orcid.org/0009-0003-3193-7605 S. Swaroop Vellore Institute of Technology, India n.r.sathya.swaroop@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9872-811X

Citation: Kostina, A., Zhelnin, M., Swaroop, S., Vedernikova, A., Bartolomei, M., Finite element simulation of residual stresses induced by laser shock peening in TC4 samples structurally similar to a turbine blade, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, xx (2024) ww-zz.

Received: 30.09.2023 Accepted: 14.10.2023 Online first: xx.yy.zzzz Published: xx.yy.zzzz

Copyright: © 2024 This is an open access article under the terms of the CC-BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

K EYWORDS . Laser shock peening, Numerical simulation, Titanium alloy, Residual stress.

I NTRODUCTION he important highly loaded components of modern aircrafts, such as turbine blades, require new techniques to extend their service life and prevent their expensive repair and replacement [1]. Among existing approaches, laser shock peening (LSP) technique have demonstrated remarkable efficiency in the aircraft and aerospace industries for improvement fatigue life of components and fatigue crack growth slowdown. The LSP technique allows performing T

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A. Kostina et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 67 (2024) 1-11; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.67.01

quick processing of metallic details and components with complex geometries and can be relatively easy incorporated in existing production lines [2]. During the LSP process, a metal surface under treatment is subjected to ultra-short high-energy laser pulses, which induce elastic-plastic waves into material [3]. As the Hugoniot elastic limit (HEL) of the material is exceeded, the propagation of the elastic-plastic waves produces the plastic strain. After the dynamic loading decays and static equilibrium of the detail is attained, the plastic strain leads to the occurrence of beneficial compressive residual stress in the subsurface layer. The compressive residual stress generated by LSP can reach high amplitude of about 1 GPa and extend into material up to depth of several millimeters [4]. Besides, laser shots only slightly disturb surface roughness [5], but noticeably improve surface hardness [6, 7]. To study an influence of LSP on turbine blades numerical simulation is effectively used. Fang et al. [8] developed a 3D model with of TC4 titanium alloy turbine blade in Ansys/LS Dyna software. Elastic-plastic behavior of the blade under laser impacts is described using the Johnson-Cook constitutive relation. To solve the governing equations of the model, an explicit algorithm based on the finite-element method was proposed. The one-sided and simultaneous two-sided LSP process was simulated for round laser spots applied to cross-sectional bands on the blade surface near its tip. Li et al. [9] modified the model by making it two steps with the explicit dynamic analysis of shock waves propagation in the blade and the implicit static analysis of formation of the residual stress field. It was shown that an increase in the laser power density gains the compressive RSD inside the blade and its penetration depth. Lin et al. [10] proposed 3D finite element model to describe an effect of a cuboidal projectile on a change in the RSD in airfoil previously subjected to LSP. The RSD induced in airfoil by laser shots was introduced into the model by solving linear elastic problem with additional strain, which were measured by synchrotron X-ray diffraction in the peened airfoil sample. The Johnson-Cook material and failure models were adopted to describe plastic deformation and dynamic failure of the airfoil on the projectile impact. Numerical analysis showed that LSP suppresses an occurrence of tensile stress in the notch of the airfoil after the impact. Nie et al. [11] developed a model with dynamic explicit and static implicit steps in the Abaqus software to study reflection and coupling of the shock wave induced by laser shots in a thin TC17 titanium alloy blade profile. It was shown that the transverse plastic strain induced by the first compression wave gradually decreases due to the action of the subsequent reflected tensile wave and the residual tensile stress is formed. On the basis of the numerical results wave-transmitting layer to eliminate the shock wave reflection was proposed. Xu et al. [12] proposed two steps model of the LSP process of the stainless steel turbine blade in the Abaqus software. To compute the compressive RSD, the Von Mises yield criterion with the HEL is employed. Numerical simulation was conducted for the treatment of the blade surface near the tenon end by laser spots of square shape. It was concluded that the increase in overlapping ratio enhances the uniformity and penetration depth of the compressive RSD. Fameso et al. [13] developed in the Abaqus a model of laser shots impact on chromium based martensitic steel turbine blade used the explicit integral finite-element analysis employing time-dependent damping. The approach enables uniting both the shock wave propagation due to the dynamic loading and their time free damping to saturation points. Therefore, the overall LSP process with multiple impacts can be simulated in a single computation step. Another feature of the model is a use of the mechanical threshold stress constitutive relations, which allows replicating stepwise hardening of the material during the plastic deformation. In the present paper, we investigate the effect of LSP on the generation of residual stress in a titanium super-alloy samples structurally similar to a turbine blade using a 3D finite-element model of the LSP process developed in [14]. This model incorporates a dynamic explicit step to compute an elastic-plastic waves propagation induced by a laser pulse and a static implicit step to determine RSD. Plastic deformation under laser impacts is described adopting the associated yield flow rule with the Johnson-Cook material model. The verification of the model was conducted based on the experimental measurements of RSD induced by LSP in square plates. The model was utilized to obtain distribution of residual stress under various peening regimes. On the basis of the numerical results the influence of the peening parameters is discussed.

N UMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE LASER SHOCK PEENING

ccording to [15-16] the LSP is considered as a purely mechanical process without simulation of ablation of material from the peened surface and generation of high temperature plasma. An effect of the laser pulse is simulated through a function of mechanical pressure applied to the peened surface. The shape, amplitude and time duration of pressure pulse was estimated based on one dimension plasma expansion model [17]. A

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Numerical simulation of stress-strain state evolution of a sample subjected to the LSP process is conducted in the Simulia Abaqus software. An effect of each laser pulse is determined through two computational steps. The first step involves modeling of the propagation of the elasto-plastic waves in the material using the Explicit Solver due to the high amplitude and short duration of the pulse. In this step an irreversible strain induced by the impact loading is determined. The step ends as the plastic strain is stabilized. The duration of the step usually exceeds the duration of the pulse impact by two orders of magnitude [15]. The stress, strain, and displacement fields obtained during the dynamic explicit step are used as the initial conditions for the second step. At this step, a static equilibrium analysis is performed to determine the RSD. The component is not subjected external loading at this stage and the stress field is induced by the plastic strain that occurs in the dynamic step [16]. To conduct the static equilibrium analysis, the Implicit Solver is used that allows increasing the stability of the solving process. For the next laser shot, the results provided by the static analysis are transferred as initial conditions for the following dynamic step. In the case of the LSP with multi laser shots, the computational process is automated by programming the algorithm in Python. Material model From mechanical point of view, the LSP process is characterized by plastic deformation of the treated material with high strain rate, which exceeds 10 6 s -1 . The Johnson-Cook material model provides an adequate estimation of the plastic strain accounting for effects of strain hardening, strain rate and temperature softening. As the temperature softening during the LSP could be neglected [16], the Johnson-Cook plasticity model can be written as:   0 1 ln pl n eq pl eq eq F A B C                         (1) reference plastic strain rate, A , B , C , n are material parameters. The reference plastic strain rate 0   is in the range of quasi static tests. The parameter A corresponds to the initial value of the yield stress under quasi-static test. The parameters B , n describe strain hardening. The parameter C is responsible for the strain rate sensitivity. For titanium alloy TC4 material constants and the Johnson-Cook material parameters are presented in Tab. 1. The elastic behavior of the alloy is described by Hooke’s law for isotropic material, so only Young modulus and Poisson’s ratio are provided. where eq  is the equivalent stress, pl eq  is the equivalent plastic strain, pl eq   is the equivalent plastic strain rate, 0   is a

Parameters

Values

Units

Symbol

Density

4424

kg/m 3

ρ

Young's modulus

106.7

GPa

E

Poisson's ratio

0.314

-

ν

Quasi-static yield stress

978

MPa

A

Strengthening coefficient Strain hardening exponent

826

MPa

B

0.639

-

n

Strain rate sensitivity parameter

0.034

-

C

0 ε 

Reference strain rate

0.005

1/s

Table 1: Material parameters for TC4.

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Pressure equation During the LSP process, the pressure pulse on the surface of the target is induced by the thermal expansion of the high temperature plasma generated by the laser impact. However, following to [15, 16], the effects caused by the plasma generation can be neglected. In this case, the influence of the laser impact on the treated surface is described through the pressure boundary condition. Because the laser spot is square, it can be assumed that the pressure generated by the laser impact is spatially uniformly distributed [12, 16]. To approximate the temporal variation of the pressure pulse, the triangular method is adopted for the LSP simulation [18]. According to the assumptions, the pressure function is written as:

t



 

P

t t

, 0

   

peak

1

t

 

1

P t

(2)

t

t

2  

 

, P t peak

t t

1

2



t

1

where t1 = 2 τ is the time of pressure increase, t2 = 8 τ is the time of pressure decrease, τ = 10 ns is the laser pulse duration, Ppeak is the peak pressure value. Parameters t1 and t2 for TC4 alloy were determined in our previous work [14] and verified for a large range of laser peak intensities from 3.3 GW/cm 2 to 40 GW/cm 2 . The total simulation time is equal to 10 μ s that ensures stabilization of the plastic strain in the target. To estimate the peak pressure, the one dimension Fabro model of ablation is adopted [19]:





 

(3)

P

Z I

0.01

peak

2 3  

where Z = (2· Z water ·Z t ) / ( Z water +Z t ) is the combined acoustic impedance of water ( Z water = 0.17·10 6 g/(cm 2 ·s)) and target ( Z t = 1.7·10 6 g/(cm 2 ·s) for aluminum foil [19]), α is the efficiency coefficient which is typically equal to 0.33, I is the maximum energy density (10 GW/cm 2 in our case).

M ODEL VERIFICATION

I

n order to verify the FE simulation result, the LSP experiment was performed for some specimens from TC4 titanium alloy. Fig. 1 shows geometry of the specimen (covered with aluminum foil) and the model specimen. The plate’s thickness is 2 mm. The measurement of the residual stresses values versus the depth of the treated layer was carried out by the hole drilling method using an automatic system MTS3000-Restan (according to ASTM E837-13a [20]). This method has a number disadvantages such as flat surface of the specimen, measurements only in one point of the surface, selection of suitable strain gauge sizes if specimen is small enough, providing only two components of residual stress and etc. The averaging area for RSD in FEM corresponded to the drill size in the experiment. Comparison was conducted for two LSP cases: 1. square spots of 1 mm and power density of 10 GW/cm 2 (which is equal to 5.3 GPa) without overlapping; 2. double pass with square spots of 1 mm and power density of 10 GW/cm 2 . The numerical distribution of the residual stresses at the surface of the specimen for case 1 and case 2 is shown in Fig. 2. In depth distribution of residual stresses for LSP cases 1 and 2 are shown in Fig. 3. Residual stress components σ x and σ y show close values at all depths. This indicates the isotropy of created residual stress on the surface. The maximum value of both compressive residual stress components is on the specimen surface and equal to 240 MPa approximately after the first pass (case 1) and to 380 MPa approximately after the second pass (case 2). The depth of the compressive residual stress field according to the graph in Fig. 3 is about 0.6 mm. The difference in minimum value of residual stress between experimental and numerical results is nearly 10%. This minor disagreement can be explained by possible measurement inaccuracies of the incremental hole drilling method due to its incremental and destructive character.

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A. Kostina et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 67 (2024) 1-11; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.67.01

(a) (b) Figure 1: Treated surface: (a) the sample covered with foil, (b) the FE model.

(a)

(b)

(c) (d) Figure 2: Residual stress after LSP: (a) σ x for case 1, (b) σ y for case 1, (c) σ x for case 2, (d) σ y for case 2.

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A. Kostina et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 67 (2024) 1-11; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.67.01

(a)

(b) Figure 3: Residual stress comparison: (a) case 1, (b) case 2.

R ESULTS AND DISCUSSION

T

he above-explained model was applied to predict RSD induced by LSP of edges of samples structurally similar to a turbine. The sample was discretized by eight-node brick elements with reduced integration and hourglass control (C3D8R) in the LSP region. To obtain precise results, a high-density mesh (0.1mm x 0.1mm x 0.05 mm) was utilized in the LSPed zone. The example of finite element discretization is shown in Fig. 4. The root of the sample was assumed to be fixed. This condition represent the robotic arm's grip on the specimen during the LSP process. LSP was performed with square spots. The size of the spot, the laser energy and overlapping of the spots were varied to investigate the effect of LSP parameters. Fig. 5 shows typical distribution of the mechanical pressure for two-sided peening of the sample edges. This figure provides information on mean stresses of the three diagonal stress tensor components. It can be seen that compressive RSD are formed for lower and upper sides (corresponding to concave and convex sides) of the sample. Due to an intricate shape of the sample the distribution is non-uniform. The maximum value of compressive mean stress is around 400 MPa and it is located on the surface of the sample while the maximum tensile pressure is inside the volume of the part. Fig. 6 depicts characteristic distribution of effective plastic strain. LSP induces initiation of inelastic strains in the peening region. The average magnitude of effective plastic strain is around 4%. In comparison with mechanical pressure, the effective plastic strain is distributed more uniformly.

Figure 4: The example of mesh discretization.

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A. Kostina et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 67 (2024) 1-11; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.67.01

(a) (b) Figure 5: Characteristic distribution of mechanical pressure: (a) lower side of the sample, (b) upper side of the sample.

(a) (b) Figure 6: Characteristic distribution of effective plastic strain: (a) lower side of the sample, (b) upper side of the sample. Since RSD is non-uniform, we investigate the effect of LSP parameters on the upper part of the blade, which is more frequently subjected to damage during service according to the aircraft statistics. The area of interest is a rectangular parallelepiped, whose height is equal to the height of the sample and the base is a square with a size of 1 mm. The center of this area is located at the distance of 4.5 mm from the upper boundary of the sample and at the distance 1 mm from the edge of the sample (Fig. 4) . We consider LSP with two different spot sizes: 1 mm and 3 mm. The energy intensity and overlapping of the spots are varying parameter during the numerical analysis. Therefore, we investigate the effect of spot size, laser energy and overlapping of the laser spots on in-depth RSD. The maximum stress tensor component is averaged over the area of interest to obtain the resulting RSD. Fig. 7 presents results for LSP of the sample with square spots of 3 mm without overlapping and two different laser intensities of 1.11 GW/cm 2 and 10 GW/cm 2 . According to Eqn. (3), these power densities correspond to the 1.76 GPa and 5.3 GPa respectively. From Fig. 7(a) it can be seen that no compressive residual stresses are obtained on the surfaces of the sample. The compressive stress is concentrated from 0.15 mm to 0.52 mm from the upper surface. This can be explained by the high value of the yield stress for TC4 (Tab. 1) and low value of loading. In comparison with this result, the in-depth RSD shown in Fig. 7(b) demonstrates that all stresses are compressive. The value on the front surface is equal to -250 MPa, the value on the opposite surface is slightly higher and equal to -300 MPa. When approaching to the center of the sample, the magnitude of residual stress reduces. The minimum value of compressive RSD is in the middle of the thickness and is equal to 50 MPa. The distribution is asymmetrical since the sample has the varying thickness. The presented results show that increase in the power density induces rise in the magnitude of compressive residual stress. Too humble values of laser intensities cannot produce compressive residual stress on the surface of the treated object. Fig. 8 shows effect of overlapping on the in depth RSD for the small power density equal to 1.1 GW/cm 2 .

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A. Kostina et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 67 (2024) 1-11; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.67.01

(a) (b) Figure 7: Residual stress for square spot of 3 mm without overlapping (a), P = 1.76 GPa (I = 1.11 GW/cm 2 ), (b) P=5.3 GPa (I = 10 GW/cm 2 ).

(a) (b) Figure 8: Residual stress for square spots of 3 mm (a) with 35% overlapping and P = 1.76 GPa (I = 1.1 GW/cm 2 ), (b) 50% overlapping and P = 1.76 GPa (I = 1.1 GW/cm 2 ). Comparison with Fig. 7(a) shows that overlapping cannot enhance value of residual stress on the surface. For both overlappings of 35% and 50% the residual stresses at the surface are tensile similar to Fig. 7(a). However, it can be seen that there is slight decline in the residual stress value in the middle of the thickness with the increase in overlapping rate. But still the profiles are qualitatively similar. Therefore, it can be concluded that increase in overlapping for a humble power density cannot improve the in-depth RSD. The power density has larger effect than overlapping of the laser spots. Fig. 9 presents results obtained for LSP with square spots of 1 mm and power density of 10 GW/cm 2 (which is equal to 5.3 GPa) with overlapping of 0% and 35%. Comparison with Fig. 7(b) shows that application of smaller spots increases magnitude of compressive residual stress in the area of interest. Similar to Fig. 7(b) the profile shows compressive state. However, the value on the front surface in Fig. 8(a) is -300 MPa and on the opposite surface is around 350 MPa. Hence, this treatment regime enhances residual stress on 20% in the area of interest compared with the Fig. 7(b). Also, LSP with smaller spots induces two peaks in in-depth profile. The uniform RSD when applying spots of larger size [21] can attribute this. Overlapping 35% presented in Fig. 9(b) improves residual stress. The value at the front surface becomes -425 MPa. On the opposite surface it reaches almost - 625 MPa. The minimum value is at the middle of the thickness and is equal to 350 MPa.

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A. Kostina et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 67 (2024) 1-11; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.67.01

(a) (b) Figure 9: Residual stress for square spots of 1 mm (a) without overlapping and P = 5.3 GPa (I = 10 GW/cm 2 ), (b) with 35% overlapping and P = 5.3 GPa (I = 10 GW/cm 2 ). Thus, it can be concluded that LSP regime with overlapping increases non-uniformity in in-depth distribution of residual stress. At the same time, the surface and, as a consequence, subsurface RSD becomes more homogenous and two peaks vanish. The qualitative distribution shifts to the case of LSP with larger spots similar to the presented in Fig. 7(b).

C ONCLUSIONS

T

he objective of this study to investigate RSD in TC4 samples structurally similar to a turbine blade induced by LSP with varying parameters using finite-element analysis. A mathematical model is based on the strain rate sensitive Johnson-Cook constitutive equation. The model considers LSP as a purely mechanical process, where all effects related to the plasma influence on the treated surface are taken into account by a spatially uniform time-varying pressure pulse. A two-step approach was used in the applied LSP model, where dynamic and static problems were solved successively to obtain the RSD after each shot. In order to investigate the impact of peening parameters on residual stresses, a series of numerical calculations were conducted. The edges of the samples were peened with square spots at the upper and lower sides simultaneously. Two sizes of square spots were considered (1 mm and 3 mm). The laser energy and overlapping of the spots were varied. The analyzed in depth RSD were located at the most vulnerable part of the sample. Based on the obtained results, the following main conclusions can be drawn. • An increase in the power density results in a rise in the magnitude of compressive residual stress. Laser intensity equal to 1.11 GW/cm 2 cannot produce compressive residual stress on the surface of the treated object because of the high value of TC4 yield stress. Laser intensity equal to 10 GW/cm 2 induces compressive residual stress of 250 MPa on the upper side of the sample and -300 MPa on opposite side of the sample. • Increase in overlapping of the spots for a low power density (1.11 GW/cm 2 ) cannot induce compressive residual stress on the treated surface. • Decrease in spot size from 3 mm to 1 mm allows increasing of magnitude of compressive residual stress on 20% in the area of interest. Applying 35% overlapping enhances this value even more. Moreover, the surface and subsurface RSD becomes more homogeneous.

A CKNOWLEDGMENTS

T

he reported study was supported by the Government of Perm Krai, research project No. C-26/829. LSP treatment was carried out under financial support from the Programs for the creation and development of the world-class scientific center “Supersound” for 2020–2025 with the financial support of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia (Agreement No. 075-15-2022-329 dated April 21, 2022).

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