PSI - Issue 66

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2025) 000–000

www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

ScienceDirect

Procedia Structural Integrity 66 (2024) 212–220

8th International Conference on Crack Paths Enhancing Realism in Hydraulic Fracturing Simulation Models: The Evolution of KGD and PKN Models Amani J. Majeed a, *, Duna T. Yaseen b , Makarim A. Hassan c , Ahmed M. Al-Mukhtar d a University of Basra, Petroleum Engineering Dept. Basra (61004), Iraq Abstract Since 1947, the oil and gas industry has been harnessed hydraulic fracturing as a potent tool to amplify hydrocarbon production. Notable among the simulation models emulating this technique are the 2D models; Khristianovic-Geertsma-De Klerks (KGD) and Perkins-Kern-Nordgren (PKN) Model. The KGD focuses on vertical fractures with infinite length, while PKN models finite-length fractures in a more general sense. Moreover, KGD assumes a constant fracture width, while PKN considers variable width along the length of the fracture. However, the fracture shape depicted by the KGD and PKN models resembles a smooth elliptical growth of the fracture. The current study has developed the KGD and PKN models to give a rough fracture propagation. A good agreement has been reached when comparing the current work with the results of previous works. Moreover, the improvement reached shows a reflection of reality in the simulations with great accuracy in matching the results. © 2025 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of CP 2024 Organizers Keywords: Hydraulic fracture; Simulation; KGD model; PKN model. 1. Introduction Studying hydraulic fractures in geological contexts such as petroleum reservoirs, hydraulic fields, and geothermal systems has garnered significant attention, as fractures in these domains exhibit varying geometries and propagation paths. © 2025 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of CP 2024 Organizers b Southern Technical University, Department of Mechanical Power Techniques, Basra , Iraq. c Southern Technical University, Department of Mechanical Technologies, Basra , Iraq. d Institute of Structural Mechanics, Bauhaus-Universität Weimar, Germany

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +964(0)771310785. E-mail address: amani.majeed@uobasrah.edu.iq

2452-3216 © 2025 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of CP 2024 Organizers 10.1016/j.prostr.2024.11.072 2452-3216 © 2025 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of CP 2024 Organizers