PSI - Issue 62

Giovanna Pappalardo et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 62 (2024) 460–467 Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000 – 000

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4. Conclusions The landslide examined in this study affected a masonry bridge on the historic "Circumetnea" railway line, spanning approximately 100 km around Mount Etna. The landslide, developed on a slope of highly tectonized Oligocene clays, measures around 140 meters in length and 40 meters in width. Photogrammetric surveys facilitated the creation of a 3D model of the landslide, estimating its volume at about 13,121 m³ and covering an area of roughly 3,647 m². Water accumulation in both the landslide body and the surrounding gullies has led to water stagnation at the bridge's foot along its arches. Thermal investigations further detailed this condition, revealing saturated portions of the landslide body and the morphological scarp of the crown. The study's primary goal was to assess the bridge's stability under landslide pressure. A numerical model based on the 3D discrete macro-element model tested different loading scenarios, suggesting that the structural risk from the landslide's lateral thrust appears to be within acceptable limits with respect to possible collapse scenario of the bridge, though the numerical simulations indicated potential vertical cracking and rotation of the bridge's pillars. Additionally, the study evaluated the role of hydraulic risk due to the landslide's obstruction of the bridge arches, this latter cannot be underestimated in terms of railway serviceability. The findings indicate that the peak flow rate is low, and the bridge's hydraulic clearance should allow for water discharge, even under near-complete obstruction. This multidisciplinary study, employing remote methodologies, modelled the landslide and its potential interactions with the reinforced masonry bridge, which is expected to withstand the forces exerted by the landslide's foot without reaching a total collapse scenario. Acknowledgements This study was partially funded by: FCE (CircumEtnea Railway); The MonVia project “S viluppo e ottimizzazione di un sistema general purpose modulare per il monitoraggio strutturale” within the ‘Programma Operativo Nazionale – Imprese e Competitività – 2014/2020 FESR (leader of the research group SYSTEMIA S.r.l. Catania). References Arias, P., Armesto, J., Di-Capua, D., González-Drigo, R., Lorenzo, H., Pérez-Gracia, V., 2007. Digital photogrammetry, GPR and computational analysis of structural damages in a mediaeval bridge. Engineering Failure Analysis 14, 1444 – 1457. Caddemi, S., Caliò, I., Cannizzaro, F., Pantò, B., 2017. New Frontiers on Seismic Modeling of Masonry Structures. Frontiers in Built Env. 3:39. Caddemi, S., Caliò, I., Cannizzaro, F., Pantò, B., Rapicavoli, D., 2019a. Chapter 14 - Descrete macroelement modeling. In Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and Structural Engineering, Numerical Modeling of Masonry and Historical Structures. Woodhead Publishing. Caddemi, S., Caliò, I., Cannizzaro, F., D’Urso , D., Pantò, B., Rapicavoli, D., Occhipinti, G., 2019b. 3D discrete macro-modelling approach for masonry arch bridges. IABSE Symposium, Guimaraes 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Env. Risk and Asset Manag. - Report, pp. 1825 - 1835 Ferro V., Bagarello V. (1996). Rainfall dwpth-duration relationship for South Italy. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 4,(4), 326-336 Lentini F. & Vezzani., 1978. Tentativo di elaborazione di uno schema strutturale della Sicilia orientale. Mem. Soc. Geol. It., 19: 495-500. Macciotta, R., Hendry, M.T., 2021. Remote Sensing Applications for Landslide Monitoring and Investigation in Western Canada. Remote Sensing Ogniben L., 1960. Nota illustrativa dello schema geologico della Sicilia orientale. Riv. Min. Sic., 64-65, 183-212. Pitilakis, K., Argyroudis, S., Kakderi, K., Selva, J., 2016. Systemic Vulnerability and Risk Assessment of Transportation Systems Under Natural Hazards Towards More Resilient and Robust Infrastructures. Transportation Research Procedia 14, 1335 – 1344. Rapicavoli, D., Cannizzaro, F., Caddemi, S., Caliò, I., 2023. Discrete Macro-Element structural assessment of a railway masonry arch bridge subjected to pier settlements. 8th International Symposium on Life-Cycle Civil Engineering IALCCE 2023, Milan, Italy, July 2-6 2023. Vaníček, I., Jirásko, D., Vaníček, M., 2018. Interaction of transport infrastructure with natural hazards (landslides, rock falls, floods). ce papers 2, Voumard, J., Derron, M.-H., Jaboyedoff, M., 2018. Natural hazard events affecting transportation networks in Switzerland from 2012 to 2016. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 18, 2093 – 2109. Wu, R., Zhang, Y., Guo, C., Yang, Z., Tang, J., Su, F., 2020. Landslide susceptibility assessment in mountainous area: a case study of Sichuan – Tibet railway, China. Environ Earth Sci 79, 157.