PSI - Issue 59

Ilham Bagus Wiranto et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 59 (2024) 230–237 Wiranto et al. / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000 – 000

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prediction and damage trajectory are implemented using an intra-laminar damage criteria in the standard ABAQUS calculation code (ABAQUS, 2023; Adie et al., 2023a,b; Bencherif et al., 2021, Naufal et al., 2023). The input data for the Hashin criteria comprise tensile, compressive and shear strengths in longitudinal and transverse directions. There are various ways the damage could be done, such as when a fiber or matrix ruptures under strain or compression. Instead of using mechanical behavior as an explanation, the quadratic character of the Hashin criteria might be used. 3. Numerical results and discussion At the early stage of numerical analysis, a benchmark study was conducted to provide a critical foundation for the main analysis by ensuring the accuracy and reliability of our approach. Moreover, mesh convergence analysis was performed by changing the mesh size of the model to select the proper mesh for the main analysis. The influence of impact velocity on the composite panel was additionally examined, with the composite panel's impact response assessed in relation to both maximum impact force and displacement. 3.1. Benchmarking In this section, we provide a numerical benchmark study that was verified using research from the open literature. A flat composite panel was taken for the validation of the present dynamic impact load. For this benchmark, a model of a bamboo composite panel, a research conducted by Rao et al. (2021), is demonstrated. The detail of the benchmark model is presented in Figure 1a. The composite panel was modelled as 3D deformable elements in the reference study, while in this benchmark, the shell elements were utilized to evaluate the robustness of our model. The benefits of using shell elements are mostly time savings owing to a decrease in the number of finite elements. The mechanical properties of bamboo composites used in this simulation are listed in Table 2. A composite panel of 150 x 150 x 4 mm was modelled and meshed with the size of 4 mm. In the load scenario, a hemispherical steel impactor of 16 mm in diameter with a mass of 1.265 kg is located in the center of the panel. Additionally, the impactor accelerated to 3.556 m/s in velocity. The boundary condition was established at the outermost edge of the panel.

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Fig. 1. (a) Numerical study of the bamboo composite under low-velocity impact (Rao et al., 2021); and (b) Force vs Time curve comparison of the benchmark model.

The qualitative validation of a bamboo composite panel using shell elements subjected to impact load shows a good congruence with the benchmark model. The result shows a good compliance force vs time curve during impact simulation between reference model and benchmark model which can be seen in Figure 1b. Both resulted in a peak force of 2500 N. Meanwhile, the time to reach zero in force is 0.09 s longer in the benchmark model.

Table 2. Mechanical properties of bamboo composites 10 wt% (Rao et al., 2021). Properties Values E 1 (GPa) 4.835 E 2 (GPa) 4.1366 ν 0.38 G 12 = G 13 (GPa) 1.4675