PSI - Issue 54

Paulo Mendes et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 54 (2024) 340–353 Mendes et al. / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2023) 000–000

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a) -Weld Material

b) - Weld Material

c) - Base Material

d) - Heat-affectedZone

e) - Heat-affectedZone

f) - Heat-affectedZone

Fig. 12. Dimples EDS analysis and corresponding inclusions’ spectrum for a,b) weld material; c) base material; and d,e,f) heat-a ff ected zone.

sions created are the result of intricate reactions during weld cooling and consist of non-metallic complex oxides of aluminum, titanium, silicon, and manganese. These inclusions formed when the welding metal was in the liquid state during weld cooling, with oxidation mechanisms predominating. The a ffi nity of specific elements (Al, Ti, Si, Mn) for oxygen, is indicated by the Ellingham diagram, which explains their tendency to form oxides. Inclusions on the fracture surface of the heat-a ff ected zone have a tendency to have diverse compositions, shapes, and characteristics, depending on their proximity to the fusion zone. For example, the samples in Figures 12.d) and e)