PSI - Issue 54

Ana Dantas et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 54 (2024) 593–600 AnaDantas / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2023) 000–000

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the o ff shore sector as a way to increase power generation capacity. In September 2022, the government of Denmark, IRENA (The International Renewable Energy Agency) and GWEC (Global Wind Energy Council) founded the Global O ff shore Wind Alliance (GOWA). GOWA aims to contribute to achieve a global o ff shore wind capacity of at least 380 GW by 2030 and 2,000 GW by 2050. Nonetheless, installation further from shore and in deeper water comes with obstacles for installation, operation, and maintenance (Council, 2023; Gamesa, 2023).

Nomenclature

Ag

Chemical formula of silver

AgCl

Chemical formula of silver chloride

AM

Atomic mass (g / mol)

ASTM

American Society for Testing and Materials

AV CE Cl − E l f E lu E ly E oc E

Average value

Counter electrode

Chemical formula of chloride ion

Young’s modulus

Elongation after fracture

Elongation at ultimate strength Elongation at yield strength Open circuit potential (V)

e −

Negative electron

F

Faraday constant (F = 96485C / mol) Chemical formula of the iron element Chemical formula of the iron ion GlobalO ff shore Wind Alliance

Fe

Fe n +

GOWA GWEC IRENA

Global Wind Energy Council

The International Renewable Energy Agency Number of electrons transfered in the reaction

n

NaCl

Chemical formula of sodium chloride Chemical formula of sodium ion

Na +

RE

Reference electrode

t

Time variable

WE ∆ m

Working electrode

Mass loss (g)

Stress at a certain location of the specimen

σ

Ultimate tensile strength Yield tensile strength

σ u σ y

Nonetheless, metallic structures in marine environment face significant challenges due to their exposure to wave and wind action, while being exposed to seawater, i.e. a corrosive and aggressive environment. Typically, protective strategies. such as coatings, are used in marine structures, allowing the base material to retain its properties. However, these protections have limited lifespans which can lead to damage of the base material before maintenance (Baboian, 2005). A mechanism that drives corrosion is the existence of a potential di ff erence. In fact, di ff erent potential zones are formed when a metal or alloy is immersed in a corrosive media, creating anodic and cathodic regions within the same metallic surface. This way, it can be said that local electrochemical cells are formed. The charge transfer between metal and electrolyte equalizes the existing chemical potential di ff erence (Umoren et al., 2022; Revie and Uhlig, 2008; Kutz, 2012). Considering a local electrochemical cell, at the anodic half-cell reaction site, there is dissolution of the metal as it passes positively charged ions into the conducting solution (electrolyte). Also as a result of the anodic half-cell