PSI - Issue 53

A. Neto et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 53 (2024) 338–351 Alexandre de Oliveira Neto / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000

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3 layers remain unaffected, although the outmost layer suffers in a different place than in the middle of the impact due to wrinkling.

0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5

L1 L2

4,39

2,82

Force [kN]

2,19

5,96

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Displacement [mm]

Fig. 12. L1 and L2 total energy-time graph with external visible damage

Fig. 13. Tier 3:(a) L1 before permanent damage; (b) L1 at its highest deformation; (c) L1 after impact

Fig. 14. Tier 3:(a) L2 before permanent damage; (b) L2 at its highest deformation; (c) L2 after impact

The external damage tipping point energy for L2 happens with a lower value, and it causes more damage to the overall tube, mostly invisible. Again, its damage is more widely spread, and there is no considerable rebound.